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Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 186
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Printing of Living Mycelium-Based Composites
The construction industry makes a significant contribution to global CO2 emissions. Material extraction, processing, and demolition account for most of its environmental impact. As a response, there is an increasing interest in developing and implementing innovative biomaterials that support a circular economy, such as mycelium-based composites. The mycelium is the network of hyphae of fungi. Mycelium-based composites are renewable and biodegradable biomaterials obtained by ceasing mycelial growth on organic substrates, including agricultural waste.
  • 865
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biogenesis of Outer Membrane Vesicles
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spheroidal proteoliposomes ranging from ~20 to 200 nm in diameter that originate from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The biogenesis of OMVs has been a topic of intense research due to the diverse roles that OMVs play in bacterial pathogenesis, immune modulation, and potential therapeutic applications. 
  • 428
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Antibacterial Activity of Substances of Fungal Origin
The phenomenon of drug resistance in micro-organisms necessitates the search for new compounds capable of combating them. Fungi emerge as a promising source of such compounds as they produce a wide range of secondary metabolites with bacteriostatic or fungistatic activity. These compounds can serve as alternatives for commonly used antibiotics.
  • 269
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is currently recognized as a life-threatening disease, leading to an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, AKI is characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels, typically followed by a sudden drop in glomerulus filtration rate (GFR). Changes in urine output are usually associated with the renal inability to excrete urea and other nitrogenous waste products, causing extracellular volume and electrolyte imbalances. Several molecular mechanisms were proposed to be affiliated with AKI development and progression, ultimately involving renal epithelium tubular cell-cycle arrest, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the inability to recover and regenerate proximal tubules, and impaired endothelial function. Diagnosis and prognosis using state-of-the-art clinical markers are often late and provide poor outcomes at disease onset. Inappropriate clinical assessment is a strong disease contributor, actively driving progression towards end stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteins, as the main functional and structural unit of the cell, provide the opportunity to monitor the disease on a molecular level. Changes in the proteomic profiles are pivotal for the expression of molecular pathways and disease pathogenesis. Introduction of highly-sensitive and innovative technology enabled the discovery of novel biomarkers for improved risk stratification, better and more cost-effective medical care for the ill patients and advanced personalized medicine.
  • 628
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxygen Cascade from Atmosphere to Mitochondria
Hypoxia is a life-threatening challenge for about 1% of the world population and a contributor to high morbidity and mortality scores in patients affected by various cardiopulmonary, hematological, and circulatory diseases. In most cases, it is not hypoxia that generates diseases, but rather the attempts to adapt to the hypoxia condition. Thus, when adaptation to hypoxia becomes excessive, it translates into maladaptation. The oxygen cascade may represent a tool for understanding the genesis and the consequences of physiological and pathological hypoxia.
  • 234
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review Video
Photodynamic Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is a major health concern worldwide, and current treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, are associated with significant side effects and limitations. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising alternative that has the potential to provide a minimally invasive and highly targeted approach to treating prostate cancer. PDT involves the use of photosensitizers (PSs) that are activated by light to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can induce tumor cell death. 
  • 398
  • 03 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenol-Based Nanoparticles
Conventional therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer induce several side effects that impact the effectiveness of current therapies as well as the quality of patients’ life. Natural compounds with anticancer properties have gained attention as potential therapeutic agents for various cancers including colorectal cancer. However, several natural compounds such as polyphenols are facing obstacles for their use as anticancer drugs, such as intrinsic poor solubility, plasmatic instability, ineffective cellular uptake, and biological barriers. Novel approaches in precision medicine and nanomedicine are being developed. In this context, to harness the full potential of natural compounds, researchers have explored the use of nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for targeted and enhanced therapeutic efficacy as well as limited side effects. 
  • 307
  • 03 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Plasmodium falciparum Development from Gametocyte to Oocyst
Malaria elimination never succeed without the implementation of transmission-blocking strategies. The transmission of Plasmodium spp. parasites from the human host to the mosquito vector depends on circulating gametocytes in the peripheral blood of the vertebrate host. Once ingested by the mosquito during blood meals, these sexual forms undergo a series of radical morphological and metabolic changes to survive and progress from the gut to the salivary glands, where they will be waiting to be injected into the vertebrate host. The design of effective transmission-blocking strategies requires a thorough understanding of all the mechanisms that drive the development of gametocytes, gametes, sexual reproduction, and subsequent differentiation within the mosquito. The drastic changes in Plasmodium falciparum shape and function throughout its life cycle rely on the tight regulation of stage-specific gene expression.
  • 394
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Molecules from Forest Resources
Forest trees are the world’s most important renewable natural resources in terms of their dominance among other biomasses and the diversity of molecules that they produce. Forest tree extractives include terpenes and polyphenols, widely recognized for their biological activity. These molecules are found in forest by-products, such as bark, buds, leaves, and knots, commonly ignored in forestry decisions. The present entry focuses on in vitro experimental bioactivity from the phytochemicals of Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana forest resources and by-products with potential for further nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical development. 
  • 585
  • 01 Sep 2023
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