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Topic Review
Regenerative Potential (RP) of MSCEVs
Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSCEVs) obtained from MSCs can have numerous therapeutic applications via regeneration of various body tissues. MSCEV action can be potentiated by modifying the mesenchymal stem cells culturing methodology and bioengineering extracellular vesicles (EVs). 
  • 164
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Rabbits as Animal Models for Anti-Tick Vaccine Development
Studies evaluating candidate tick-derived proteins as anti-tick vaccines in natural hosts have been limited due to high costs. To overcome this problem, animal models are used in immunization tests. The most commonly used rabbit breeds were New Zealand (73.8%), Japanese white (19%), Californians (4.8%) and Flemish lop-eared (2.4%) rabbits. Anti-tick vaccines efficacy resulted in up to 99.9%. Haemaphysalis longicornis (17.9%) and Ornithodoros moubata (12.8%) were the most common tick models in vaccination trials. Experiments with rabbits have revealed that some proteins (CoAQP, OeAQP, OeAQP1, Bm86, GST-Hl, 64TRP, serpins and voraxin) can induce immune responses against various tick species. 
  • 163
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Insect-Microbiota Associations in Vector Competence
Mosquitoes transmit pathogens that cause human diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, yellow fever, Zika fever, and filariasis. Biotechnological approaches using microorganisms have a significant potential to control mosquito populations and reduce their vector competence, making them alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Ongoing research has identified many microorganisms that can be used effectively to control mosquito populations and disease transmission. However, the successful implementation of these newly proposed approaches requires a thorough understanding of the multipronged microorganism–mosquito–pathogen–environment interactions. Although much has been achieved in discovering new entomopathogenic microorganisms, antipathogen compounds, and their mechanisms of action, only a few have been turned into viable products for mosquito control. There is a discrepancy between the number of microorganisms with the potential for the development of new insecticides and/or antipathogen products and the actual available products, highlighting the need for investments in the intersection of basic research and biotechnology.
  • 165
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Fungal Melanin
Synthetic dyes are generally unsafe for human health or the environment, leading to the continuous search and growing demand for natural pigments that are considered safer, biodegrade more easily, and are environmentally beneficial. Among microorganisms, fungi represent an emerging source of pigments due to their many benefits; therefore, they are readily viable on an industrial scale. Among all the bioactive pigments produced by fungi, melanin is an enigmatic, multifunctional pigment that has been studied for more than 150 years. This dark pigment, which is produced via the oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, has been investigated for its potential to protect life from all kingdoms, including fungi, from biotic and abiotic stresses.
  • 471
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of ACTIN Genes in Cotton Fiber Development
Cotton fiber development largely depends on cell wall biosynthesis and cytoskeleton arrangement. Cytoskeleton dynamics control many cellular processes, such as the movement of organelles, cell wall formation, and cell division. Microfilaments (actin-filament), microtubules, and intermediate filaments are the main constituents of the cytoskeleton. In most cells, actin filaments are involved in secretory vesicle transportation to the cell membrane and cell wall, enhancing cell expansion. The actin cytoskeleton also regulates tip growth and cell elongation. Dozens express actin proteins to hundreds of genes in the ACTIN family. Arabidopsis has 10 actin genes, of which 8 are functional, and 2 are categorized as pseudogenes, while cotton plants have been identified with 16 actin genes.
  • 409
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tocochromanols in Cereals
Tocochromanols, which encompass tocopherols and tocotrienols and constitute the vitamin E family, are widely distributed in cereal kernels; their biosynthetic pathway has been extensively studied with the aim to enrich plant oils and combat vitamin E deficiency in humans. Here researchers provide strong assumptions arguing in favor of an involvement of tocochromanols in plant–fungal pathogen interactions. Tocochromanols are plant compounds with a strong antioxidant potential. The biosynthesis of this class of compounds draws on metabolites from the terpenoid and shikimate pathways. Tocochromanols are acknowledged to efficiently quench singlet oxygen and scavenge various radicals, especially lipid peroxyl radicals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, thereby terminating lipid peroxidation chain reactions. 
  • 447
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-based Algorithms for Cryo-Electron Microscopy
Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has emerged as the prevailing method for near-atomic structure determination, shedding light on the important molecular mechanisms of biological macromolecules. However, the inherent dynamics and structural variability of biological complexes coupled with the large number of experimental images generated by a cryo-EM experiment make data processing nontrivial. In particular, ab initio reconstruction and atomic model building remain major bottlenecks that demand substantial computational resources and manual intervention. Approaches utilizing recent innovations in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, particularly deep learning, have the potential to overcome the limitations that cannot be adequately addressed by traditional image processing approaches.
  • 323
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Microbial, Anti-Viral, and Anti-Fungal Activity of Māmaki
In Hawaii, the plants P. albidus, P. forbesii, P. kauaiensis, and P. ruber are collectively known as māmaki in ethnomedicine, where P. albidus predominates. Farmed māmaki is becoming increasingly popular in Hawaii and the United States. Māmaki teas (such as bottled Shaka tea) are the dominant product. Historically, māmaki has been utilized for its medicinal properties, promoting well-being and good health through consuming tea made from its leaves, ingesting its fruit, and incorporating it into ointments.
  • 246
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs and Gut Microbiota in Cardiac Arrhythmias
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are indispensable for adjusting gene expression and genetic programming throughout development and for health as well as cardiovascular diseases. Cardiac arrhythmia is a frequent cardiovascular disease that has a complex pathology. Studies have shown that ncRNAs are also associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Many non-coding RNAs and/or genomes have been reported as genetic background for cardiac arrhythmias. In general, arrhythmias may be affected by several functional and structural changes in the myocardium of the heart. Therefore, ncRNAs might be indispensable regulators of gene expression in cardiomyocytes, which could play a dynamic role in regulating the stability of cardiac conduction and/or in the remodeling process.
  • 248
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Function of RUFY Family Proteins with RUN Domain
Cell survival, homeostasis and cell polarity rely on the control of membrane trafficking pathways. The RUN domain (comprised of the RPIP8, UNC-14, and NESCA proteins) has been suggested to be implicated in small GTPase-mediated membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the RUN domain-containing proteins might be responsible for an interaction with a filamentous network linked to actin cytoskeleton and/or microtubules. In addition, several downstream molecules of PI3K are involved in regulation of the membrane trafficking by interacting with vesicle-associated RUN proteins such as RUFY family proteins.
  • 237
  • 08 Sep 2023
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