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Topic Review
Thermocatalytic Conversion of Glycerol to Propanediol
Significant research efforts have been focused on the catalytic transformation of glycerol for the synthesis of value-added chemicals owing to the rising prices of petroleum resources. Glycerol is an important byproduct due to its application to produce acrolein, glyceric acid, glycerol carbonate, and propanediol. Cu-based catalysts require the selective cleavage of the secondary C–O bond against the cleavage of the C–C bond in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol in order to produce 1,2-propanediol. Acid-catalyzed glycerol dehydration and metal-catalyzed intermediate hydrogenation are the two steps in glycerol hydrogenolysis. Glycerol hydrogenolysis has been primarily attempted in the liquid phase over different metal catalysts synthesized via the impregnation, co-precipitation, solid combustion and decomposition of metal–organic frameworks.
  • 217
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Roles of Ubiquitination in Biomolecular Condensates
Biomolecular condensates are dynamic non-membrane-bound macromolecular high-order assemblies that participate in a growing list of cellular processes, such as transcription, the cell cycle, etc. Disturbed dynamics of biomolecular condensates are associated with many diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Extensive efforts have been devoted to uncovering the molecular and biochemical grammar governing the dynamics of biomolecular condensates and establishing the critical roles of protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in this process.
  • 213
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory T Cells in Celiac Disease Treatment
Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis, as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies for CeD patients.
  • 275
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phyto-Synthesized Nanoparticles in Food Crops under Drought Stress
Phyto-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) are a diverse group of nanoparticles, economically crucial for the production of crops and resilience against drought conditions. Phyto-synthesized NPs have shown many unique properties by increasing efficiency and surface-area-to-volume ratios. This leads to beneficial nutrient uptake and effects on growth, breaches the biological blocks, and links with plant organisms at the molecular level. In conditions like less nutrient availability and uptake to plants in arid soils, encapsulated nutrients in nanoparticles are used to ensure their targeted delivery in the roots of plants. Regardless of the encouraging benefits of nanoparticles in the agricultural field, it is hard to consider their potential risks and effects on the environment.
  • 276
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals in Water
The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment presents a challenge to modern science. The most significant impact this can induce is the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which can lead to a global health emergency. It is important to note that the impact of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is not limited to antibiotic resistance. Pharmaceuticals can also affect the behaviour and reproductive systems of aquatic organisms, with cascading effects on entire ecosystems.
  • 206
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Rhizoctonia solani
Mycoviruses, or fungal viruses, are prevalent in all significant fungal kingdoms and genera. These low-virulence viruses can be used as biocontrol agents to manage fungal diseases. These viruses are divided into 19 officially recognized families and 1 unclassified genus. Mycoviruses alter sexual reproduction, pigmentation, and development. Spores and fungal hypha spread mycoviruses. Isometric particles mostly encapsulate dsRNA mycoviruses. The widespread plant-pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani, which has caused a rice sheath blight, has hosted many viruses with different morphologies. It causes significant crop diseases that adversely affect agriculture and the economy. Rice sheath blight threatens the 40% of the global population that relies on rice for food and nutrition. Mycoviruses control rice sheath blight. Hypovirulence associated mycoviruses are needed to control R. solani since no cultivars are resistant. Mycoviruses are usually cryptic, but they can benefit the host fungus. Phytopathologists may use hypovirulent viruses as biological control agents. New tools are being developed based on host genome studies to overcome the intellectual challenge of comprehending the interactions between viruses and fungi and the practical challenge of influencing these interactions to develop biocontrol agents against significant plant pathogens.
  • 267
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
RAGE as a Novel Biomarker for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a commonly diagnosed cancer among men worldwide. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been implicated in driving PCa growth, aggression, and metastasis through the fueling of chronic inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. RAGE expression is strongly tied to PCa progression and can serve as an effective diagnostic target to differentiate between healthy prostate, low-grade PCa, and high-grade PCa, with potential theragnostic applications.
  • 307
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Brief
Nanoparticles, materials at the nanoscale, have revolutionized various fields. Their unique properties, ranging from size-dependent characteristics to high reactivity, have enabled diverse applications in medicine, electronics, materials science, and environmental protection. This review explores the world of nanoparticles, encompassing their properties, synthesis methods, and applications, underscoring their significance across industries. Additionally, it addresses the challenges associated with nanoparticles, such as toxicity and environmental concerns, emphasizing the need for responsible utilization. The world of nanoparticles promises innovation and solutions but requires cautious exploration to maximize benefits while minimizing risks.
  • 201
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities around Adventdalen Landfill Site in Svalbard
Ecosystems are often resilient enough to fully recover following a natural disturbance, or to transform into a new equilibrium favourable to the surrounding flora and fauna. However, at a local level, whether this transformation will be beneficial or not depends strongly on the level of disturbance and the available mechanisms for recovery. The Arctic, however, provides a potentially extreme environment for microbial growth and this is reflected in the microbial biodiversity, the in-situ growth rates, the biogeochemical cycling and its sensitivity to environmental change. 
  • 281
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Diversity of Soil Microbes in Rhizosphere
Plant roots aid the growth and functions of several kinds of microorganisms such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic bacteria, actinomycetes, nematodes, protozoans which may impart significant impacts on plant health and growth. Plant soil–microbe interaction is an intricate, continuous, and dynamic process that occurs in a distinct zone known as the rhizosphere.
  • 291
  • 23 Oct 2023
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