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Topic Review
Signaling Pathway-Mediated Strategies for Plant Thermotolerance
Cell membrane is mainly composed of phospholipids, which are elastic and semi-permeable membranes with a thickness of 7-8 nm. For animal cells, the outer side of the membrane is in contact with the external environment. Its main functions are to selectively exchange substances, absorb nutrients, excrete metabolic waste, secrete and transport proteins. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) refer to the general term for oxygen-containing free radicals and peroxides that are easily formed in organisms related to oxygen metabolism. Examples include peroxides, superoxides, hydroxyl radicals, singlet oxygen, and α-oxygen. Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional protein that is widely present in various eukaryotic cells and can bind to calcium ions. Calmodulin participates in various intracellular signaling pathways and plays a key role in Ca2+ dependent signaling pathways. It is a dynamic Ca2+ sensor that can respond to a wide range of Ca2+ concentrations and transmit signals downstream. Heat shock transcription factors (HSF) usually exist in non-stressed cells as monomers and bind to a small number of heat shock proteins. Under heat stress, they dissociate from the heat shock proteins, polymerize from monomers into trimers, move to the nucleus, and bind to the promoter sequence upstream of the heat shock gene to initiate the transcription activity of the gene, leading to an increase in heat shock proteins and thus protecting other proteins.
  • 213
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ciguatera Fish Poison
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CP)-related toxins (CTXs) are closely related structural congeners with a polyether backbone similar to brevetoxins. CTXs are classified based on their geographic origin into Pacific Ocean ciguatoxins (P-CTXs), Caribbean Sea ciguatoxins (C-CTXs), and Indian Ocean ciguatoxins (I-CTXs). I-CTX-1 and -2 have the same molecular weight of 1140.6 Da as C-CTX-1 and -2 and are pharmacologically related, but they do not co-elute, and there are no structures available for I-CTX due to poor chromatographic recoveries. 
  • 385
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biomimetics as Antifungals
Biomimetics, which are similar to natural compounds that play an important role in the metabolism, manifestation of functional activity and reproduction of various fungi, have a pronounced attraction in the current search for new effective antifungals. Actual trends in the development of this area of research indicate that unnatural amino acids can be used as such biomimetics, including those containing halogen atoms; compounds similar to nitrogenous bases embedded in the nucleic acids synthesized by fungi; peptides imitating fungal analogs; molecules similar to natural substrates of numerous fungal enzymes and quorum-sensing signaling molecules of fungi and yeast, etc.
  • 281
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ceramide Synthase 2 in Bladder Cancer
The human CERS2 gene encodes a ceramide synthase enzyme, known as CERS2 (ceramide synthase 2). This protein is also known as LASS2 (LAG1 longevity assurance homolog 2) and TMSG1 (tumor metastasis-suppressor gene 1). Bladder cancer (BC) is a significant cause of cancer-related deaths globally, ranking as the second-most-common reason for genitourinary cancer-related mortality. The treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer includes transurethral resection followed by chemotherapy to reduce recurrence chances, while muscle-invasive bladder cancers are associated with high rates of progression and metastasis and are usually treated via radical cystectomy if the tumor is organ-confined.
  • 314
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fruit Juice and Wine Adulterant Detection and Authentication
Fruit juice and wine are important beverages that are consumed all over the world. Due to their constantly increasing demand and high value, fruit juice and wine are one of the most frequent targets of adulteration. Since adulterated foods are proven to have harmful effects on health, several approaches have been utilized for the detection of fruit juice and wine adulteration.
  • 318
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms Underlying Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a significant medical challenge. Prostate cancer cells can develop mechanisms to resist androgen deprivation therapy, such as AR overexpression, AR mutations, alterations in AR coregulators, increased steroidogenic signaling pathways, outlaw pathways, and bypass pathways. Various treatment options for CRPC exist, including androgen deprivation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, localized or systemic therapeutic radiation, and PARP inhibitors. However, more research is needed to combat CRPC effectively. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of the disease and the development of new therapeutic strategies will be crucial in improving patient outcomes. 
  • 215
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Chitooligosaccharide and Its Derivatives
Chitooligosaccharide (CHOS), a depolymerized chitosan, can be prepared via physical, chemical, and enzymatic hydrolysis, or a combination of these techniques.
  • 334
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TRP Channels in Cancer
Ion channels play a crucial role in a wide range of biological processes, including cell cycle regulation and cancer progression. In particular, the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels has emerged as a promising therapeutic target due to its involvement in several stages of cancer development and dissemination.
  • 262
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sprouted Grains to Combat Malnutrition
Due to the global rise in food insecurity, micronutrient deficiency, and diet-related health issues, the United Nations (UN) has called for action to eradicate hunger and malnutrition. Grains are the staple food worldwide; hence, improving their nutritional quality can certainly be an appropriate approach to mitigate malnutrition.
  • 259
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Circadian Gas-Responsive Hemeprotein NPAS2
Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is a hemeprotein comprising a basic helix–loop–helix domain (bHLH) and two heme-binding sites, the PAS-A and PAS-B domains.
  • 336
  • 30 Oct 2023
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