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Topic Review
GRETCHEN HAGEN3 (GH3)-Dependent Auxin Conjugation in Plant
The precise control of free auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) gradient, which is orchestrated by biosynthesis, conjugation, degradation, hydrolyzation, and transport, is critical for all aspects of plant growth and development. Of these, the GRETCHEN HAGEN 3 (GH3) acyl acid amido synthetase family, pivotal in conjugating IAA with amino acids, has garnered significant interest.
  • 180
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Caspase-Linked Programmed Cell Death in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a complex disease and the cause of one of the highest cancer-related mortalities in men worldwide. Annually, more than 1.2 million new cases are diagnosed globally, accounting for 7% of newly diagnosed cancers in men. Programmed cell death (PCD) plays an essential role in removing infected, functionally dispensable, or potentially neoplastic cells. Apoptosis is the canonical form of PCD with no inflammatory responses elicited, and the close relationship between apoptosis and PCa has been well studied. Necroptosis and pyroptosis are two lytic forms of PCD that result in the release of intracellular contents, which induce inflammatory responses.
  • 145
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
TFEB-Induced Autophagy's Regulation during Mtb Infection and Starvation
Through the promotion of phagolysosome formation, autophagy has emerged as a crucial mechanism to eradicate intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). A cell-autonomous host defense mechanism called lysosome biogenesis and autophagy transports cytoplasmic cargos and bacterial phagosomes to lysosomes for destruction during infection. Similar occurrences occurred in stressful or starvation circumstances and led to autophagy, which is harmful to the cell. It is interesting to note that under both hunger and infection states, the transcription factor EB (TFEB) acts as a master regulator of lysosomal activities and autophagy. 
  • 201
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Prion Protein in Retinal Allostasis
In the early stages of Alzheimer–Perusini’s disease (AD), individuals often experience vision-related issues such as color vision impairment, reduced contrast sensitivity, and visual acuity problems. As the disease progresses, there is a connection with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) leading to retinal cell death. The retina’s involvement suggests a link with the hippocampus, where most AD forms start. A thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) due to the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is seen as a potential AD diagnostic marker using electroretinography (ERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Amyloid beta fragments (Aβ), found in the eye’s vitreous and aqueous humor, are also present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulate in the retina. Aβ is known to cause tau hyperphosphorylation, leading to its buildup in various retinal layers.
  • 163
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nrf2 in Obesity-Related Insulin Resistance and T2D Prevention
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly by mitochondrial respiration and function as signaling molecules in the physiological range. However, ROS production is also associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, including insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • 111
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pro-Oxidant Properties of Curcumin Induced by Light
Curcumin, a natural polyphenol widely used as a spice, colorant and food additive, has been shown to have therapeutic effects against different disorders, mostly due to its anti-oxidant properties. However when used in excess and in the presence of light, curcumin can be toxic, because can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (1O2) and therefore act as a pro-oxidant.
  • 132
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Innovative Phosphorene Nanoplatform for Light Antimicrobial Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), largely employed as a clinical treatment for several malignant pathologies, has also gained importance as a promising antimicrobial approach. Antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) relies on the application of a photosensitizer able to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) or other cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to appropriate light, which leads to cell death after the induced photodamage. Among different types of 2D nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties, phosphorene, the exfoliated form of black phosphorus (bP), has the unique property intrinsic photoactivity exploitable for photothermal therapy (PTT) as well as for PDT against pathogenic bacteria.
  • 227
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis for an Apple Orchard
The life-cycle cost analysis is a method used to assess long-term economic efficiency among equivalent competing processes or products. It is accepted that the role of the organic farming system is to produce fresh and authentic agri-food products and, at the same time, to protect and conserve the environment. For an apple orchard operated in an organic system, the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) was performed within a system boundary, starting from the establishment stage of the orchard until the transportation stage, from the field to the warehouse and from the warehouse to retail stores for a 20-year life span of the orchard.
  • 262
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Collected Thoughts on Mycobacterial Lipoarabinomannan
The presence of lipoarabinomannan (LAM) in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cell envelope was first reported close to 100 years ago. Since then, numerous studies have been dedicated to the isolation, purification, structural definition, and elucidation of the biological properties of Mtb LAM. The significance of LAM remains high to this date, mainly due to its distinct immunological properties in conjunction with its role as a biomarker for diagnostic tests due to its identification in urine, and thus can serve as a point-of-care diagnostic test for tuberculosis (TB). LAM has been thoroughly studied and massive amounts of information on this intriguing molecule are now available. 
  • 164
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenic Impact of FABP in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by motor dysfunction resulting from the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the midbrain. This dopamine deficiency gives rise to a spectrum of movement-related symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. While the precise etiology of Parkinson’s disease remains elusive, genetic mutations, protein aggregation, inflammatory processes, and oxidative stress are believed to contribute to its development. In this context, fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) in the central nervous system, FABP3, FABP5, and FABP7, impact α-synuclein aggregation, neurotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. These FABPs accumulate in mitochondria during neurodegeneration, disrupting their membrane potential and homeostasis. In particular, FABP3, abundant in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, is responsible for α-synuclein propagation into neurons and intracellular accumulation, affecting the loss of mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase protein, a rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis.
  • 253
  • 15 Dec 2023
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