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Topic Review
Plant Leaf Gas Exchange to Plant Phenotyping
Plant physiological status reflects the interaction between the plant genome and the prevailing growth conditions. Accurate characterization of plant physiology is, therefore, fundamental to effective plant phenotyping studies; particularly those focused on identifying traits associated with improved yield, lower input requirements, and climate resilience. Leaf gas exchange is a core component of plant physiological research. The exchange of gases between a part of the leaf, the whole leaf, or the entire plant with the atmosphere underpins photosynthetic CO2 uptake and transpiration.
  • 171
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tuft Cells
Tuft cells have emerged as the focus of intense interest following the discovery of their chemosensory role in the intestinal tract, and their ability to activate Type 2 immune responses to helminth parasites. Moreover, they populate a wide range of mucosal tissues and are intimately connected to immune and neuronal cells, either directly or through the release of pharmacologically active mediators. They are now recognised to fulfil both homeostatic roles, in metabolism and tissue integrity, as well as acting as the first sensors of parasite infection, immunity to which is lost in their absence. 
  • 184
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma
Decision making consists of gathering quality data in order to correctly assess a situation and determine the best course of action. This process is a fundamental part of medicine and is what enables practitioners to accurately diagnose diseases and select appropriate treatment protocols. Despite severe equine asthma (SEA) being a highly prevalent lower respiratory disease amongst equids, clinicians still struggle with the optimization of routine diagnostic procedures. The use of several ancillary diagnostic tests has been reported for disease identification and monitoring, but many are only suitable for research purposes or lack practicality for everyday use. 
  • 300
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Risk Models for Listeria monocytogenes in Dairy Products
Cheese as a source of listeriosis tended to be studied in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models under the full farm-to-table approach because of the many factors and forces of contamination that may occur along the chain, namely, on-farm environmental contamination sources such as silage, soil, water, and inadequate sanitation and housing conditions; extensive manipulation after milk heat treatment (if heat treated); the potential for recontamination after pasteurization and cross-contamination events during processing; the possible presence of contaminating niches in processing and retail facilities; L. monocytogenes’ ability to grow during refrigeration storage; long shelf-life in case of ripened cheeses; and wide consumption of cheese.
  • 141
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Stress on Hyaluronan Fragments’ Inflammatory Cascade
The mechanical stress can depolymerize into small pieces at low molecular weight and have a high inflammatory capacity. Many of these pieces are then further degraded into small oligosaccharides. Recently, it has been demonstrated that oligosaccharides are able to stop this inflammatory process. These data support that deep friction could metabolize self-aggregated hyaluronan (HA) chains responsible for increasing loose connective tissue viscosity, catalyzing a local HA fragment cascade that will generate soreness but, at the same time, facilitate the reconstitution of the physiological loose connective tissue properties. This information can help to explain the meaning of the inflammatory process as well as the requirement for it for the long-lasting resolution of these alterations.
  • 192
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Product-Derived Extracts for Longitudinal Bone Growth
Several herbal formulations based on traditional medicine have the potential to improve bone growth, although their effectiveness is controversial. It was confirmed that the majority of extracts containing herbal formulations were orally administered over a short period, ranging from 4 to 10 days during the experimental phase. 
  • 236
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Oleaginous Yeast Biorefinery
Oleaginous yeasts are a potential renewable source of biofuels. However, the yeast-derived biofuels cost is still non-competitive with the fossil fuel prices. To improve the sustainability of yeast-derived biofuels, it is necessary to valorize all yeast biomass fractions, an approach based on the biorefinery concept. 
  • 279
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Retinoids in Neuronal Cell Fate Acquisition
Neuronal differentiation has been shown to be directed by retinoid action during embryo development and has been exploited in various in vitro cell differentiation systems. In this research, the researchers summarize the role of retinoids through the activation of their specific retinoic acid nuclear receptors during embryo development and also in a variety of in vitro strategies for neuronal differentiation, including efforts in driving cell specialization towards a range of neuronal subtypes and glial cells. Finally, the researchers highlight the role of retinoic acid in protocols recapitulating nervous tissue complexity (cerebral organoids). Overall, the researchers expect that this effort might pave the way for exploring the usage of specific synthetic retinoids for directing complex nervous tissue differentiation.
  • 275
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of p53 in Nanoparticle-Based Therapy for Cancer
p53 is arguably one of the most important tumor suppressor genes in humans. Due to the paramount importance of p53 in the onset of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, the p53 gene is found either silenced or mutated in the vast majority of cancers. Furthermore, activated wild-type p53 exhibits a strong bystander effect, thereby activating apoptosis in surrounding cells without being physically present there. For these reasons, p53-targeted therapy that is designed to restore the function of wild-type p53 in cancer cells seems to be a very appealing therapeutic approach. Systemic delivery of p53-coding DNA or RNA using nanoparticles proved to be feasible both in vitro and in vivo. 
  • 159
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism and Improvement in Oilseed Crops
Oilseed crops are rich in plant lipids that not only provide essential fatty acids for the human diet but also play important roles as major sources of biofuels and indispensable raw materials for the chemical industry. The regulation of lipid metabolism genes is a major factor affecting oil production.
  • 107
  • 22 Dec 2023
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