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Topic Review
Antisense Oligonucleotides for Vaccine Improvement
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetically prepared short single-stranded deoxynucleotide sequences that have been validated as therapeutic agents and as a valuable tool in molecular driving biology. ASOs can block the expression of specific target genes via complementary hybridization to mRNA. Due to their high specificity and well-known mechanism of action, there has been a growing interest in using them for improving vaccine efficacy. Several studies have shown that ASOs can improve the efficacy of vaccines either by inducing antigen modification such as enhanced expression of immunogenic molecules or by targeting certain components of the host immune system to achieve the desired immune response. However, despite their extended use, some problems such as insufficient stability and low cellular delivery have not been sufficiently resolved to achieve effective and safe ASO-based vaccines.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in HGG
The immune microenvironment of high-grade gliomas (HGG) is a complex and heterogeneous system, consisting of diverse cell types such as microglia, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-cells. Of these, MDSCs are one of the major tumor-infiltrating immune cells and are correlated not only with overall worse prognosis but also poor clinical outcomes. Upon entry from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood, spleen, as well as in tumor microenvironment (TME) in HGG patients, MDSCs deploy an array of mechanisms to perform their immune and non-immune suppressive functions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis and Anti-Infective Drugs
Gastrointestinal mucositis (GI-M) is a frequently observed side effect of chemotherapy in patients with cancer that affects the gastrointestinal microenvironment and potentially drug absorption. 
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Adenoviruses
Adenoviruses represent exceptional candidates for wide-ranging therapeutic applications, from vectors for gene therapy to oncolytics for cancer treatments. The first ever commercial gene therapy medicine was based on a recombinant adenovirus vector, while most recently, adenoviral vectors have proven critical as vaccine platforms in effectively controlling the global coronavirus pandemic.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nano-Sized Energetic Materials (nEMs)
As a hot research topic, nano-scale energetic materials (nEMs) have recently attracted much attention in the fields of energy storage and release, catalysis, and adsorption, owing to their unique large specific surface areas (SSA) and extraordinary properties, as the structures, compositions, sizes, and shapes vary on the atomic and molecular scale.
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
NNetEn Entropy
NNetEn is the first entropy measure that is based on artificial intelligence methods. The method modifies the structure of the LogNNet classification model so that the classification accuracy of the MNIST-10 digits dataset indicates the degree of complexity of a given time series. The calculation results of the proposed model are similar to those of existing methods, while the model structure is completely different and provides considerable advantages.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family includes 19 ligands, which each contain a C-terminal TNF homology domain (THD). Each ligand binds to one or multiple TNF receptors (TNFR), containing extracellular cysteine-rich domains (CRD) for ligand binding. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF or TNF-α) and lymphotoxin (LT) are the first two cytokines that have been characterized as TNF superfamily members. They have a homologous amino acid sequence and were both discovered based on their anti-tumor effects. Moreover, both ligands bind to TNF receptor type 1 and type 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2) and mediate similar cell signaling transduction.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Targeting the Neural Circuits for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease accompanied by cognitive and behavioral symptoms. These AD-related manifestations result from the alteration of neural circuitry by aggregated forms of amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, which are neurotoxic. From a neuroscience perspective, identifying neural circuits that integrate various inputs and outputs to determine behaviors can provide insight into the principles of behavior. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the alterations in the neural circuits associated with AD-related behavioral and psychological symptoms. Interestingly, it is well known that the alteration of neural circuitry is prominent in the brains of patients with AD. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review Video
Interdisciplinary Management of Lung Cancer in European Community
Lung cancer continues to be the largest cause of cancer-related mortality among men and women globally, accounting for around 27% of all cancer-related deaths. Recent advances in lung cancer medicines, particularly for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have increased the need for multidisciplinary disease care, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. Different studies in the European community have evaluated the impact of multidisciplinary care on outcomes for lung cancer patients, including its impact on survival, adherence to guideline treatment, utilization of all treatment modalities, timeliness of treatment, patient satisfaction, quality of life, and referral to palliative care.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Metal Allergy
Metal allergies inflame the skin after it has been in contact with metal. They are a form of allergic contact dermatitis. They are becoming more common, (As of 2021), except in areas with regulatory countermeasures. People may become sensitized to certain metals by skin contact, usually by wearing or holding consumer products (including non-metal products, like textiles and leather treated with metals), or sometimes after exposure at work. Contact with damaged skin makes sensitization more likely. Medical implants may also cause allergic reactions. Diagnosis is by patch test, a method which does not work as well for metals as it does for some other allergens. Prevention and treatment consists of avoiding the metal allergen; there is no other treatment, (As of 2021). It can be difficult to identify and avoid the allergen, because many metals are common in the environment, and some are biologically necessary to humans. Regulations have successfully reduced the rates of some metal allergies in Europe, but are not widespread. The social and economic costs of metal allergies are high. Metal allergies are type IV allergies; the metals are haptens. The toxicity of some allergenic metals may contribute to the development of allergies.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Live Streaming World News
Live streaming world news refers to live videos streams of world television news which are provided via streaming television or via streaming media by various television networks and television news outlets, from various countries. These are provided through Smart TV, or else through the networks' own websites, or also possibly via internet television, especially YouTube, or via video on demand services, subscription video on demand websites such as e.g. Hulu, mobile apps, or digital media players that are designed to play streaming television, such as e.g. the Roku media player. It is distinct from news broadcasts that are transmitted via conventional broadcast television; since it is not transmitted via cable television services, and not via over-the-air television that is transmitted via over-the-air broadcasting. For some twenty-four-hour news channels, the content being shown via its streaming news service, and via its broadcast television channels, may be identical; however, for regular commercial networks, the content of the streaming news may be quite different than what is being broadcast; i.e. the broadcast channels may carry standard television entertainment, while the streaming service is devoted to news only. One example of this is the ABC Network of the United States, and its streaming online news service.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Collection for Distributed Photovoltaic Data
With the rapid development of distributed photovoltaic systems (DPVS), the shortage of data monitoring devices and the difficulty of comprehensive coverage of measurement equipment has become more significant, bringing great challenges to the efficient management and maintenance of DPVS. Virtual collection is a new DPVS data collection scheme with cost-effectiveness and computational efficiency that meets the needs of distributed energy management but lacks attention and research.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Rapid DNA Systems
The generation of STR profiles currently requires highly skilled geneticists and dedicated laboratories. Therefore, there is an urgent need for fast and reliable DNA devices for analysis directly at the crime scene. A few systems became commercially available for integrated forensic DNA analysis to be used in the field, which are fully integrated platforms that can generate STR profiles from (reference) samples within 2 hours. In the following a distinction is made between 'rapid DNA analysis' - defined as using a rapid DNA instrument without human intervention - and 'modified rapid DNA analysis'' which is defined as using a rapid DNA instrument in combination with human interpretation of the DNA analyses results.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mobility Management of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
The rapid growth of mobile data traffic will lead to the deployment of Ultra–Dense Networks (UDN) in the near future. Various networks must overlap to meet the massive demands of mobile data traffic, causing an increase in the number of handover scenarios. This will subsequently affect the connectivity, stability, and reliability of communication between mobile and serving networks. The inclusion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)—based networks will create more complex challenges due to different mobility characterizations.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors are superior technologies that are used to detect or sense biologically and environmentally significant analytes in a laboratory environment, or even in the form of portable handheld or wearable electronics. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
African Clawless Otter
The African Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis) is a fascinating semi-aquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. Renowned for its sleek, streamlined body and lack of visible claws on its forelimbs, this otter species is well-adapted to its aquatic lifestyle in freshwater habitats, including rivers, lakes, and wetlands. With a diet consisting primarily of fish, crustaceans, and amphibians, the African Clawless Otter plays a vital role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems across its range.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SmCo5 Transition Metal Substitution
SmCo5 constitutes one of the strongest classes of permanent magnets, which exhibit magnetocrystalline anisotropy with uniaxial character and enormous energy and possess high Curie temperature. The group of transition metals are sometimes mentioned as the d-block elements due to the fact that d electrons are the external unfilled shells. They are contained within the middle area of the periodic table and are most important for magnetic materials belonging in the fourth period (Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), with the exception of Nb, which belongs to the fifth. The electron configuration in is (n−1)d1–10 ns2; however, in some cases in intermetallics, the electrons are distributed in a different manner and subshells or partially filled orbitals may arise. Most common cations have a valence of +2 or +3, but there are some that may provide only one electron forming +1 cations or in some cases higher.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Flat-headed Cat
The Flat-headed Cat (Prionailurus planiceps) is a small and elusive felid species native to the wetlands of Southeast Asia, particularly found in countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Its unique name is derived from its distinctive flattened head shape, which aids in navigating through dense vegetation and hunting aquatic prey. Despite its secretive nature, the Flat-headed Cat is classified as endangered due to habitat loss, pollution, and hunting, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this rare and elusive feline species.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Slurry Shield Tunneling
The penetration characteristics of the slurry and the support pressure transfer mechanisms are critical to the tunnel face stability control during a mechanized excavation. The reasonableness of the numerical model is verified by comparing the variation patterns of the soil permeability coefficients monitored in the numerical tests with the results of existing laboratory tests. The mesoscopic transport characteristics of the slurry particles in the sand soil pores are considered based on numerical tests, while the slurry support effects corresponding to different penetration types are evaluated.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Printed Electrochemical Biosensors
Printing technologies represent powerful tools to combine simpler and more customizable fabrication of electrochemical biosensors with high resolution, miniaturization and integration with more complex microfluidic and electronics systems. Considering this framework, this review provides an overview of the opportunities offered by printed electrochemical biosensors in terms of transducing principles, metrological characteristics and enlargement of the application field, as well as of the main metrological challenges related.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Dec 2020
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