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Topic Review
Escherichia Coli O157:H7
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga-like toxin–producing types of E. coli. It is a cause of disease, typically foodborne illness, through consumption of contaminated and raw food, including raw milk and undercooked ground beef. Infection with this type of pathogenic bacteria may lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea, and to kidney failure; these have been reported to cause the deaths of children younger than five years of age, of elderly patients, and of patients whose immune systems are otherwise compromised. Transmission is via the fecal–oral route, and most illness has been through distribution of contaminated raw leaf green vegetables, undercooked meat and raw milk.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Post-Contrast Imaging through AI. Applications in Neuroimaging
Contrast media are widely diffused in biomedical imaging, due to their relevance in the diagnosis of numerous disorders. However, the risk of adverse reactions, the concern of potential damage to sensitive organs, and the recently described brain deposition of gadolinium salts, limit the use of contrast media in clinical practice. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to biomedical imaging has led to the development of ‘virtual’ and ‘augmented’ contrasts. The idea behind these applications is to generate synthetic post-contrast images through AI computational modeling starting from the information available on other images acquired during the same scan. In these AI models, non-contrast images (virtual contrast) or low-dose post-contrast images (augmented contrast) are used as input data to generate synthetic post-contrast images, which are often undistinguishable from the native ones. 
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Drought in Chickpea
Chickpea productivity has been found to be around 995 kg ha−1 on a global scale, which is quite low. Drought, terminal heat, excessive salt, and cold are abiotic variables. Several factors are responsible for complexity of drought stress, including severity of drought, stage of crop, and duration of drought stress.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Biology Applications in Food Safety and Security
With an ever-growing global population, issues of food safety and security, as well as addressing pollution and striving for sustainability are of the utmost importance. Synthetic biology offers a unique, exciting range of solutions to address these urgent and growing challenges.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Yorick Smythies
Yorick Smythies (21 February 1917 – 1980) was a student and friend of Ludwig Wittgenstein known for his notes of the philosopher's lectures. He was also a friend of, and character inspiration for, the novelist (and philosopher) Iris Murdoch. Yorick Smythies was born on 21 February 1917 in Shanklin on the Isle of Wight[1] where Yorick's maternal grandparents were living at the time.[2] Yor
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
L. Taylor Hansen
L. (Lucile) Taylor Hansen (November 30, 1897 – May 1976) was a writer of science fiction popular science articles and books who used a male writing persona for the early part of her career. She is the author of eight short stories, nearly sixty nonfiction articles popularizing anthropology and geology, and three nonfiction books. An autobiographical sketch by Hansen begins with her memory o
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PCSK6 in Cardiovascular Biology and Disease
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 6 (PCSK6) is a secreted serine protease expressed in most major organs, where it cleaves a wide range of growth factors, signaling molecules, peptide hormones, proteolytic enzymes, and adhesion proteins. In the cardiovascular system, PCSK6 acts as a key modulator in heart formation, lipoprotein metabolism, body fluid homeostasis, cardiac repair, and vascular remodeling. To date, dysregulated PCSK6 expression or function has been implicated in major cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of Aurones
Natural products are a boundless source for the development of pharmaceutical agents against a wide range of human diseases. Accordingly, naturally occurring aurones possess various biological benefits, such as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and neuroprotective effects. In addition, various studies have revealed that aurones are potential templates for the regulation of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Likewise, certain aurones and their analogues have been found to be remarkable kinase inhibitors of DARK2, PPAR-γ, PTPM1, AGE, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which represents a promising approach for the treatment of chronic metabolic disorders such as diabetes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Oriental Small-clawed Otter
The Oriental Small-clawed Otter (Aonyx cinerea) is the smallest otter species in the world, native to freshwater and coastal habitats across South and Southeast Asia. Distinguished by its diminutive size and unique feature of partially webbed claws, this otter species exhibits a highly social nature, often living in extended family groups and engaging in cooperative hunting and grooming behaviors. As a skilled hunter of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, the Oriental Small-clawed Otter plays a vital ecological role in maintaining the health of aquatic ecosystems throughout its range.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Micropropagation and Its Applications of Eucalyptus Plantations
The genus Eucalyptus is a globally captivated source of hardwood and is well known for its medicinal uses. The hybrid and wild species of Eucalyptus are widely used as exotic plantations due to their renowned potential of adapting to various systems and sites, and rapid large-scale propagation of genetically similar plantlets, which further leads to the extensive propagation of this species. Tissue culture plays a crucial role in the preservation, propagation, and genetic improvement of Eucalyptus species. Despite unquestionable progression in biotechnological and tissue culture approaches, the productivity of plantations is still limited, often due to the low efficiency of clonal propagation from cuttings. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Perceived Collective Family Efficacy Scale
The Perceived Collective Family Efficacy Scale is a tool utilized to assess the effectiveness of a family as a functioning system. The scale has a single-factor structure with good validity and reliability.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
FAK Family Kinases
In various vascular diseases, extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin expression are frequently altered, leading to FAK or Pyk2 activation. In addition to the major roles of FAK and Pyk2 in regulating adhesion dynamics via integrins, recent studies have shown a new role of nuclear FAK in gene regulation in various vascular cells. In particular, FAK primarily localizes within the nuclei of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of healthy arteries. However, vessel injury increased FAK localization back to adhesions and elevated FAK activity, leading to VSMC hyperplasia. The study suggested that abnormal FAK or Pyk2 activation in vascular cells may cause pathological condition in vascular diseases. Here we will review several studies of FAK and Pyk2 associated with integrin signaling in vascular diseases including restenosis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, aneurysm, and thrombosis. Despite the importance of FAK family kinases in vascular diseases, comprehensive reviews are scarce. Therefore, we summarized animal models involving FAK family kinases in vascular diseases
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glass Fiber Coated Sol–Gel Poly-Diphenylsiloxane
A novel simple and sensitive, time-based flow injection solid phase extraction system was developed for the automated determination of metals at low concentration. The potential of the proposed scheme, coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), was demonstrated for trace lead and chromium(VI) determination in environmental water samples. The new sorptive extraction system, consisted of an online microcolumn packed with glass fiber coated with sol–gel poly (diphenylsiloxane) (sol–gel PDPS), which is presented here for the first time.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Amino-Acid Metabolism in Apicomplexan Parasites
The review covers the current knowledge on the presence of amino acid biosynthesis and uptake within the Apicomplexa phylum, focusing on human-infecting pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Given the complex multi-host lifecycle of these pathogens, we hypothesize that amino acids are made, rather than acquired, depending on the host niche. We summarize the stage-specificities of the biosynthesis enzymes, the role of amini acid transporters and the relevance of amino acids for parasite pathogenesis in vivo.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hyper-Progressive Disease
Antibody-mediated disruption of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway has brought much success to the fight against cancer. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients respond poorly to anti-PD-1 treatment. Cases of accelerated and more aggressive forms of cancer following therapy have also been reported. Termed hyper-progressive disease (HPD), this phenomenon often results in fatality, thus requires urgent attention. Among possible causes of HPD, regulatory T-cells (Tregs) are of suspect due to their high expression of PD-1, which modulates Treg activity. Tregs are a subset of CD4+ T-cells that play a non-redundant role in the prevention of autoimmunity and is functionally dependent on the X chromosome-linked transcription factor FoxP3. In cancer, CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs migrate to tumors to suppress anti-tumor immune responses, allowing cancer cells to persist.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel
To reduce the emissions caused by running the compression ignition engines, waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuels locally available in all parts of the world. WCO biodiesel cuts down the emissions value by 85% due to decreased hydrocarbon, SO2, CO, and smoke emissions in the exhaust that will effectively save the environment.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Particulate-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites
Particulate-reinforced metal matrix composites (PRMMCs) with excellent tribo-mechanical properties are important engineering materials and have attracted constant scientific interest over the years. Among the various fabrication methods used, co-electrodeposition (CED) is valued due to its efficiency, accuracy, and affordability. However, the way this easy-to-perform process is carried out is inconsistent, with researchers using different methods for volume fraction measurement and tribo-mechanical testing, as well as failing to carry out proper interface characterization.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dry Eye and Probiotics
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that present health benefits when administered in adequate amounts. Prebiotics refer to substrates that microorganisms use to bestow health benefits upon host. Evidence regarding their effects on the ocular surface, especially dry eye, are now just emerging. Both rodent and human studies regarding gut microbiota in Sjögren’s syndrome and environmental dry eye are explored, and we discussed the effects of prebiotics and probiotics on dry eye in this section. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Oncolytic Virotherapy
The Tumor Microenvironment (TME) represents an important barrier that can hinder immune responses against tumors and also attenuate immunotherapeutic efficacy.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Selenium Nanoparticles in the Plant Production
Selenium (Se) is a common trace metalloid found in the Earth’s crust. In 1817, chemist Jacob Berzelius isolated it for the first time, and since then, it has been known for its properties. Recent research has shown that treatment with Se at low concentrations has a beneficial influence on plant development and yield. Se may work as an essential factor by interfering with a several of physiological processes. It is a remarkable antioxidant and pro-oxidant agent of plants that helps to cope with a variety of abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, intense temperature fluctuations, toxic metals/metalloids, and other environmental pollutants and toxins.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2021
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