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Topic Review
Progress in Research on CYC-like Genes in Fabaceae
CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes belong to the TCP transcription factor family and play important roles associated with flower development. The CYC-like genes in the CYC1, CYC2, and CYC3 clades resulted from gene duplication events. The CYC2 clade includes the largest number of members that are crucial regulators of floral symmetry. To date, studies on CYC-like genes have mainly focused on plants with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, such as Fabaceae species, and the effects of CYC-like gene duplication events and diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns on flower development. The Fabaceae species are diverse in floral symmetry and are suitable for exploring the evolution and underlying mechanism of floral symmetry. 
  • 863
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ablative Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous solid organ malignancy among men worldwide. Radiation therapy is a standard of care treatment option that has historically been delivered in the form of small daily doses of radiation over the span of multiple weeks. PCa appears to have a unique sensitivity to higher doses of radiation per fraction, rendering it susceptible to abbreviated forms of treatment. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and high-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDRBT) are both modern radiation modalities that allow the precise delivery of ablative doses of radiation to the prostate while maximally sparing sensitive surrounding normal structures. In this review, we highlight the evidence regarding the radiobiology, oncological outcomes, toxicity and dose/fractionation schemes of SBRT and HDRBT monotherapy in men with low-and intermediate-risk PCa.
  • 862
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Transthyretin Misfolding
Transthyretin (TTR) is an essential transporter of a thyroid hormone and a holo-retinol binding protein, found abundantly in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, this protein is infamous for its amyloidogenic propensity, causing various amyloidoses in humans, such as senile systemic amyloidosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, and familial amyloid cardiomyopathy. Decreased stability of the native tetrameric conformation and subsequent misfolding of TTR is the main cause of these diseases.
  • 862
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Studying the Human Microbiota
Biological clocks are systems in living organisms that allow them to respond to the passage of time, anticipate environmental changes, and regulate and coordinate various physiological processes.
  • 862
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated DNA/RNA Binding Proteins
DNA and RNA binding proteins (DRBPs) are a broad class of molecules that regulate numerous cellular processes across all living organisms, creating intricate dynamic multilevel networks to control nucleotide metabolism and gene expression. These interactions are highly regulated, and dysregulation contributes to the development of a variety of diseases, including cancer. 
  • 862
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Parkin Downregulation in TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Parkin and PINK1 are key regulators of mitophagy, an autophagic pathway for selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria. To this date, parkin depletion has been associated with recessive early onset Parkinson’s disease (PD) caused by loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene, while, in sporadic PD, the activity and abundance of this protein can be compromised by stress-related modifications. Intriguingly, research in recent years has shown that parkin depletion is not limited to PD but is also observed in other neurodegenerative diseases—especially those characterized by TDP-43 proteinopathies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). 
  • 861
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inorganic SOD1 Inhibitors with Anti-Cancer Prospects
For eukaryotic cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass a group of molecules derived from oxygen. Due to the well-established role of ROS in cell signaling, cancer cells always have higher levels of endogenous ROS to enhance rapid cell growth and proliferation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and hypoxia-sensitive α (HIF1α) pathways. Evaluated ROS have frequently been observed in various cancers, which activate multiple pro-tumourigenic signaling, and induce survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion are the most important redox signaling agents in cancer cells, whose homeostasis is maintained by dozens of growth factors, cytokines and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, antioxidant enzymes, especially Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), tend to have higher activities to maintain the homeostasis of ROS in cancer cells. We can inhibit the activity of SOD1 using copper chelators to kill cancer cells. 
  • 861
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Triterpenoids in Momordica charantia
The vines and leaves of Momordica charantia L. are used as herbal medicines to treat inflammation-related disorders. However, their safety profile remains uncharacterized, and the constituents in their extracts that exert anti-inflammatory and adverse effects remain unclear. This study isolated the characteristic cucurbitane-type triterpenoid species in the vines and leaves of M. charantia L. and analyzed their cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory effects, and underlying mechanisms. Four structurally related triterpenoids—momordicines I, II, IV, and (23E) 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23-dien-19-al (TCD)—were isolated from the triterpenoid-rich fractions of extracts from the vines and leaves of M. charantia. Momordicine I was cytotoxic on normal cells, momordicine II exerted milder cytotoxicity, and momordicine IV and TCD had no obvious adverse effects on cell growth. TCD had anti-inflammatory activity both in vivo and in vitro. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, TCD inhibited the inhibitor kappa B kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 and p38. Thus, the vines and leaves of M. charantia should be used with caution. An extraction protocol that can enrich TCD but remove momordicine I would likely enhance the safety of the extract.
  • 861
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Protein Phosphatases and Their Role in Spermatozoa Function
Male fertility relies on the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize the egg in the female reproductive tract (FRT). Spermatozoa acquire activated motility during epididymal maturation; however, to be capable of fertilization, they must achieve hyperactivated motility in the FRT. Extensive research found that three protein phosphatases (PPs) are crucial to sperm motility regulation, the sperm-specific protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) isoform gamma 2 (PP1γ2), protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B). 
  • 861
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Myelin Basic Protein Interaction Landscape
Intrinsically disordered myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the key autoantigens in autoimmune neurodegeneration and multiple sclerosis particularly. MBP is highly positively charged and lacks a distinct structure in solution, and therefore its intracellular partners are still mostly enigmatic. Here authors used combination of formaldehyde-induced cross-linking followed by immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to elucidate the interaction network of MBP in mammalian cells and provide the list of potential MBP interacting proteins.
  • 860
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ovarian Aging
Ovarian aging has a genetic basis that conditions the ovarian activity via a plethora of cell-signaling pathways that control the functions of different types of cells in the ovary. There are various factors that can influence these pathways so as to reduce their efficiency. Oxidative stress, often related to mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the apoptosis of ovarian cells, can be at the origin of vicious circles in which the primary cause feeds back other abnormalities, resulting in an overall decline in the ovarian activity and in the quantity and quality of oocytes.
  • 859
  • 27 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in the Food Industry
Nanoparticles (NPs) are clusters of atoms in the nano-scale. The use of inorganic NPs has expanded into various industries including food manufacturing, agriculture, cosmetics, and construction. This has allowed NPs access to the human gastrointestinal tract, yet little is known about their impact on human health. As the gut microbiome continues to be increasingly implicated in various gut diseases of unknown etiology, researchers have begun studying the potentially toxic effects of NPs on the gut microbiome and gut barrier. This research has been invaluable in determining the impact of NPs on the intestinal tract ultimately showing that NPs have the potential to contribute to diseases including inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. With a focus on inorganic nanoparticles, this review presents a discussion of these studies while highlighting NP characteristics, study design, and techniques. Additionally, NP-induced changes to microbial composition are compared with disease-associated alterations in order to elucidate a potential link.
  • 859
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
AR and PI3K/AKT in Prostate Cancer
The androgen receptor (AR) has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of PCa. Many therapies targeting AR signaling have been developed over the years. AR signaling inhibitors (ARSIs), including androgen synthesis inhibitors and AR antagonists, have proven to be effective in castration-sensitive PCa (CSPC) and improve survival, but men with castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) continue to have a poor prognosis. Despite a good initial response, drug resistance develops in almost all patients with metastatic CRPC, and ARSIs are no longer effective. Several mechanisms confer resistance to ARSI and include AR mutations but also hyperactivation of other pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR. This pathway controls key cellular processes, including proliferation and tumor progression, and it is the most frequently deregulated pathway in human cancers.
  • 859
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diseases Associated with Fli1 Deficiency
Being initially described as a factor of virally induced leukemias, Fli1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) lately has attracted considerable interest due to its role in both healthy physiology and a variety of pathological conditions. Over the past years Fli1 was found to be one of the crucial regulators of normal hematopoiesis, vasculogenesis and immune responses. However, abnormal expression of Fli1 due to genetic predisposition, epigenetic reprogramming (modifications) or environmental factors is associated with a few diseases of different etiology. Fli1 hyperexpression leads to malignant transformation of cells and progression of cancers such as Ewing’s sarcoma. The deficiency of Fli1 implicates in development of systemic sclerosis and hypertensive disorders, which are often accompanied by pronounced fibrosis in different organs. 
  • 859
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Post-Acute Sequela of SARS-CoV-2
The COVID-19 pandemic has paralleled the great Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919 in the United States. Previous historical accounts have strongly suggested a post-viral syndrome and, currently, a post-COVID-19 viral syndrome is unquestionable, which shares many of the characteristics of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome that is present globally. The original term for this post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) was termed long haulers by those who were affected with this syndrome and it is now termed long COVID (LC) or PASC. International researchers and clinicians are desperately trying to better understand the pathobiological mechanisms possibly involved in this syndrome. This review aims to summarize many of the cumulated findings associated with LC/PASC and provides supportive and representative illustrations and transmission electron micrographic remodeling changes within brain tissues associated with a stress type of injury as occurs in the classic db/db and novel BTBR ob/ob obesity and diabetes mellitus mice models. These models are utilized to merely provide a response to metabolic stress injury wound healing mechanisms that are also present in humans. This review posits that neuroglial activation and chronic neuroinflammation may be a common denominator for the development of the complex LC/PASC syndrome following acute COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2.  This review was written with the intent of describing the mounting problem of Long COVID or PASC referred to by patients as Long-Haulers and the authors' personal experience with treating patients with the post-viral syndrome of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) due to HSV-1 encephalitis and a cluster of patients with human cytomegalic virus (hCMV) infections who were suffering from what is now termed Long COVID- Post-Acute Sequela of Coronavirus-2 or PASC.  
  • 858
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ncRNA Subtypes, Biogenesis, and Turnover
Epigenetics investigates modifications in the expression of genes that do not depend on the underlying DNA sequence. Some studies have confirmed that environmental factors, such as toxicants, may promote a phenotype or a disease in an individual or even in the subsequent progeny through epigenetic alterations. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including modifications in DNA (e.g., methylation), histones, and non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can change genome expression under the exogenous influenc. The latent interest in epigenetics has resulted in breakthroughs in seminal concepts in diseases ranging from autoimmune conditions to cancer, congenital diseases, mental retardation, endocrine diseases, pediatric diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and many others.
  • 858
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
m6A Modification and Glucose Metabolism
The highly conserved and dynamically reversible N6-methyladenine (m6A) modification has emerged as a critical gene expression regulator by affecting RNA splicing, translation efficiency, and stability at the post-transcriptional level, which has been established to be involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including glycolipid metabolism and the development of glycolipid metabolic disease (GLMD). Hence, accumulating studies have focused on the effects and regulatory mechanisms of m6A modification on glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and GLMD. Glucose metabolism involves a very complex regulatory network, including anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, and gluconeogenesis. An increasing number of studies have reported that m6A modification is an important regulatory mechanism of glucose homeostasis and downstream effects.
  • 858
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PRMT5
PRMT5 is the predominant Type II arginine methyltransferase, indicating that it confers both MMA and SDMA marks on target substrates in a distributive manner.
  • 857
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a severe hereditary form of anemia that results from a single mutation in the sixth codon of the gene encoding the β-globin chain (from glutamic acid to valine) of the adult Hb tetramer (α2β2), which is prone to polymerization at low oxygen levels.
  • 857
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Iron-Binding Catecholato Chelators
Siderophores are iron-complexing compounds synthesized by bacteria and fungi. They are low molecular weight compounds (500-1500 Daltons) possessing high affinity for iron(III). This entry reports an integrated computational/synthetic approach towards a rational development of peptide-based siderophores.
  • 855
  • 16 Oct 2020
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