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Topic Review
Evaluation for the Passenger Comfort in Automated Vehicles
With the development of intelligence and network connectivity, the development of the automotive industry is also moving toward intelligent systems. For passengers, the utility of intelligence is to achieve more convenience and comfort. The intelligent cockpit is the place where passengers directly interact with the car, which directly affects the experience of passengers in the car. For the intelligent cockpits that have emerged, it could be used for the evaluation of passenger comfort.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Breakthrough Infections in Measles Elimination
Measles is one of the most contagious diseases known to man. Despite the existence of a safe and effective live attenuated vaccine, measles can appear in vaccinated individuals. Paradoxically, breakthrough cases increase as vaccination coverage in the general population rises. In measles endemic areas, breakthrough cases represent less than 10% of total infections, while in areas with high vaccination coverage these are over 10% of the total. Two different vaccination failures have been described: primary vaccination failure, which consists in the complete absence of humoral response and occurs in around 5% of vaccinated individuals; and secondary vaccination failure is due to waning immunity or incomplete immunity and occurs in 2–10% of vaccinees. Vaccination failures are generally associated with lower viral loads and milder disease (modified measles) since vaccination limits the risk of complicated disease. Vaccination failure seems to occur between six and twenty-six years after the last vaccine dose administration. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Phosphate Minerals
Phosphate minerals contain the tetrahedrally coordinated phosphate (PO43−) anion along sometimes with arsenate (AsO43−) and vanadate (VO43−) substitutions. Chlorine (Cl−), fluorine (F−), and hydroxide (OH−) anions that also fit into the crystal structure. The phosphate class of minerals is a large and diverse group, however, only a few species are relatively common.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Guitarrón Chileno
The Guitarrón Chileno (literally: "large Chilean guitar") is a guitar-shaped plucked string instrument from Chile , with 25 or 24 (rarely) strings. Its primary contemporary use is as the instrumental accompaniment for the traditional Chilean genre of singing poetry known as Canto a lo Poeta, though a few virtuosi have also begun to develop the instrument's solo possibilities.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition in Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a chronic, painful, estrogen-related inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10% of the female population. Endometriosis has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Nutrition may be involved in the development and severity of endometriosis. 
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Senescence and Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype
Cellular senescence—the irreversible cell cycle arrest driven by a variety of mechanisms and, more specifically, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)—is an important area of research in the context of different age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. SASP factors play both beneficial and detrimental roles in age-related disease progression depending on the source of the SASPs, the target cells, and the microenvironment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pseudomonas syringae as a Bacterial Plant Pathogen
Plant diseases caused by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae are serious problems for various plant species worldwide. Accurate detection and diagnosis of P. syringae infections are critical for the effective management of these plant diseases.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation for Hydrological Applications
Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) refers to a natural biochemical phenomenon wherein micro-organisms stimulate the formation of calcium carbonate precipitation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Implementing Differentiated Instruction Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Differentiated instruction (DI) has been introduced as a viable approach for accommodating the diverse learning needs of students in the same classroom. Despite the significant advantages attributed to this approach, it can still be a challenge for teachers to incorporate DI into practice. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Wearable Technology for Monitoring Electrocardiograms in Adults
In the rapidly evolving landscape of continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, there is a heightened demand for non-invasive sensors capable of measuring ECGs and detecting heart rate variability (HRV) in diverse populations, ranging from cardiovascular patients to sports enthusiasts. Challenges like device accuracy, patient privacy, signal noise, and long-term safety impede the use of wearable devices in clinical practice.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Melatonin and Plant Cadmium Tolerance
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most injurious heavy metals, affecting plant growth and development. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was discovered in plants in 1995, and it is since known to act as a multifunctional molecule to alleviate abiotic and biotic stresses, especially Cd stress. Endogenously triggered or exogenously applied melatonin re-establishes the redox homeostasis by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system. It can also affect the Cd transportation and sequestration by regulating the transcripts of genes related to the major metal transport system, as well as the increase in glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Paradoxical Duel Role of Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis
In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. The administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
TRNT1 Deficiency
TRNT1 deficiency is a condition that affects many body systems. Its signs and symptoms can involve blood cells, the immune system, the eyes, and the nervous system. The severity of the signs and symptoms vary widely.  
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Building Information Modelling
The evolution of the construction industry is associated with the continuous implementation of new technologies. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has revolutionised the collaboration and data sharing processes in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
High Speed Roll Caster
There were two types of high-speed twin-roll casters and a single-roll caster equipped with a scraper. One of the twin-roll casters is a vertical-type high-speed twin-roll caster, and the other twin-roll caster is an unequal-diameter twin-roll caster. The vertical-type high-speed twin-roll caster can cast strip at speeds of up to 120 m/min. The unequal-diameter twin-roll caster casts strip at speeds up to 60 m/min. The unequal-diameter twin-roll caster is superior to the vertical-type high-speed twin-roll caster at the point of conveyance of the cast strip. A single-roll caster equipped with a scraper can cast strip without center-line segregation at speeds of up to 40 m/min. The use of a copper alloy roll and the non-use of a parting material enable high-speed roll casting. Since the roll loads of these casters are smaller than 0.1 kN/mm, soft copper alloy roll can be used. The strip does not stick to the roll without the parting material because of the use of the copper alloy roll with high thermal conductivity and the small roll load. The cooling rate near the surface is higher than 2000 °C/s.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Cathepsin Proteases and Bcl-2 Proteins
Taken with the growing importance of cathepsin-mediated substrate proteolysis in tumor biology and progression, the focus and emphasis placed on therapeutic design and development is coming into fruition. Underpinning this approach is the invariable progression from the direction of fully characterizing cathepsin protease members and their substrate targets, towards targeting such an interaction with tangible therapeutics. The two groups of such substrates that have gained much attention over the years are the pro- and anti- apoptotic protein intermediates from the extrinsic and intrinsic signaling arms of the apoptosis pathway.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 May 2021
Topic Review
Treating Traumatic Brain Injuries
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an injury caused by an external force that results in the disruption of normal brain function. In the United States, between 2016–2017, there were approximately 451,000 cases of TBI that resulted in hospitalization. The most common mechanisms of injury contributing to TBI were unintentional falls and motor vehicle crashes.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
E-Waste in Africa
Waste electronic and electrical equipment (e-waste) consists of used and discarded electrical and electronic items ranging from refrigerators to cell phones and printed circuit boards.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Volumetric Muscle Loss Repair
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is defined as a condition in which a large volume of skeletal muscle is lost due to physical insult. VML often results in a heightened immune response, resulting in significant long-term functional impairment. 
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
IoT-aided Building Fire Evacuation
Internet of Things (IoT)-aided building fire evacuation is a new concept of the building evacuation mode, which improves the building evacuation process by making decisions of escape based on the real-time fire-ground information, such as the fire environment and occupant situations. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Feb 2022
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