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Topic Review
Centipede Toxins Acting on the Nervous System
Centipedes are typical venomous arthropods that rely on their toxins primarily for predation and defense. Venoms are a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, including peptides, proteins, polyamide, and enzymes widely produced by venomous organisms. Through long-term evolution, venomous animals have evolved highly specific and diversified peptides and proteins targeting key physiological elements, including the nervous system.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Protein Kinase CK2
Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous holoenzyme involved in a wide array of developmental processes. The involvement of CK2 in events such as neurogenesis, cardiogenesis, skeletogenesis, and spermatogenesis is essential for the viability of almost all organisms, and its role has been conserved throughout evolution.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ship Localization, Classification, and Detection Based on CNNs
Object detection is a common application within the computer vision area. Its tasks include the classic challenges of object localization and classification. As a consequence, object detection is a challenging task. Furthermore, this technique is crucial for maritime applications since situational awareness can bring various benefits to surveillance systems. Convolutional neural network (CNNs) have been added as part of research on ship detection because of their extraordinary ability to extract and represent visual features. For example, in automatic navigation systems, the role of CNNs is to interpret the visual data collected by the cameras. Thus, the detection information is added to the data from different sensors, allowing the data fusion processing system to have enough information for decision-making.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ITS Launch Vehicle
The ITS launch vehicle was a 2016-2017 design for a privately funded orbital launch vehicle planned to be developed by SpaceX. Design work was discontinued in 2017 when development was shifted to a smaller version, now called BFR. The initial design objective of the ITS launch vehicle was to launch a variety of SpaceX Interplanetary Transport System missions to Mars and other destinations in the beyond-Earth-orbit portion of the Solar System. The first launch was not expected before the 2020s. The ITS launch vehicle was to be operated as a somewhat unusual two-stage rocket. Its first stage was to have been powered by 42 Raptor rocket engines—designed and manufactured by SpaceX—operating on densified (chilled near triple point) methane/oxygen, propellants that have not been widely used as rocket propellants in the past. Like the Falcon 9 orbital launch vehicle that preceded it, the ITS launch vehicle's first stage design was intended to be reusable, following a return to the launch site and vertical landing following each launch. When announced, it was also designed to have a new feature for SpaceX launch vehicles: full reusability of even the second-stage and orbital spacecraft as well. The large payload capacity of the launch vehicle placed it into the super-heavy lift class, with the ability to place 300 tonnes (660,000 lb) into low Earth orbit in reusable configuration and 550 tonnes (1,210,000 lb) in expendable mode. The second stage of the Earth launch vehicle was planned to have two versions, the Interplanetary spaceship for passengers and cargo and the ITS tanker to deliver propellants to Earth orbit. Both were to be powered by six vacuum-optimized Raptor rocket engines with three additional sea-level-nozzle Raptor engines for maneuvering. Thus, the element of the launch vehicle that was to provide second-stage acceleration to orbital velocity on all launches from Earth would also be used as an on-orbit spacecraft. The Interplanetary spaceship was planned as a very long-duration carrier of both passengers and space cargo to interplanetary destinations, and was to have served as both a descent and ascent vehicle at Mars. The high-level specifications for the vehicle were publicly announced in September 2016, but by July 2017, SpaceX had stated they would not build the 12 m (39 ft)-diameter vehicles as previously planned, but would instead build a "still large" but much smaller launch vehicle first. Subsequently, that was revealed to be the BFR in September 2017, a vehicle intended to cost-effectively replace and supersede all existing SpaceX launch vehicles and passenger/cargo spacecraft.
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer
The NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) is a device to deploy CubeSats into orbit from the International Space Station. Currently, there are two CubeSat deployers on board the International Space Station (ISS): The Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) Small Satellite Orbital Deployer (J-SSOD) and the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD). The J-SSOD is the first of its kind to deploy small satellites from the International Space Station. The NRCSD is the first commercially operated small satellite deployer from the ISS, maximizing full capabilities of each airlock cycle of deployments. CubeSats belong to a class of research spacecraft called nanosatellites. The basic cube-shaped satellites measure 10 centimeters (3.9 in) on each side, weigh less than 3 pounds (1.4 kg), and have a volume of about 1 liter (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 U.S. gal), although there are CubeSats which are built and deployed with sizes of multiples of 10 cm in length. (As of 2014), one method of getting CubeSats to orbit is to transport them aboard a larger spacecraft as part of a cargo load to a larger space station. When this is done, deploying the CubeSats into orbit as a separate artificial satellite requires a special apparatus, such as the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer. The NRCSD is put into position to be grabbed by one of the ISS's robotic arms, which then places the CubeSat deployer into the correct position externally mounted to the ISS to be able to release the miniature satellites into proper orbit.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Banking Union
The Banking Union in the European Union is the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the national to the EU level in several countries of the European Union, initiated in 2012 as a response to the Eurozone crisis. The motivation for banking union was the fragility of numerous banks in the Eurozone, and the identification of vicious circle between credit conditions for these banks and the sovereign credit of their respective home countries ("bank-sovereign vicious circle"). In several countries, private debts arising from a property bubble were transferred to sovereign debt as a result of banking system bailouts and government responses to slowing economies post-bubble. Conversely, weakness in sovereign credit resulted in deterioration of the balance sheet position of the banking sector, not least because of high domestic sovereign exposures of the banks. As of mid-2020, the Banking Union mainly consists of two main initiatives, the Single Supervisory Mechanism and Single Resolution Mechanism, which are based upon the EU's "single rulebook" or common financial regulatory framework. The SSM took up its authority on 4 November 2014, and the SRM entered into full force on 1 January 2015. Most accounts of banking union view it as incomplete in the absence of a European deposit insurance. The European Commission made a legislative proposal for a European Deposit Insurance Scheme in November 2015, but it has not been adopted by the EU co-legislators. Also as of mid-2020, the geographical scope of the Banking Union is identical to that of the euro area. In future, other non-euro member states of the EU may join the Banking Union under a procedure known as close cooperation. Bulgaria and Croatia have initiated requests for close cooperation, respectively in July 2018 and May 2019.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IBM BladeCenter
The IBM BladeCenter was IBM's blade server architecture, until it was replaced by Flex System. The x86 division was later sold to Lenovo in 2014.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Protective Mechanisms of Pomegranate Polyphenols in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a polyphenol-rich food and medicinal plant containing flavonols, anthocyanins, and tannins. Ellagitannins (ETs) are the most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate. A growing body of research shows that polyphenol-rich pomegranate extracts and their metabolites target multiple types of brain cell and support their redox balance, proliferation and survival, as well as cell signaling. Independent studies have demonstrated that the significant neuroprotective effects of ETs are mediated by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, their chelating properties, by their ability to activate various signaling pathways, as well as the ability to influence mitochondrial damage, thus regulating autophagy, apoptosis and neurotransmitter signaling. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Crude Glycerol Upgrading
Crude glycerol is the main byproduct of biodiesel manufacturing from oleaginous crops and other biomass-derived oils. Approximately 10% crude glycerol is produced with every batch of biodiesel. Worldwide, there is a glut of glycerol and the price of it has decreased considerably. There are real opportunities for valorizing crude glycerol into higher value-added chemicals which can improve the economic viability of biodiesel production as an alternative fuel. Exploring new potential applications of glycerol in various sectors is needed such as in pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, cosmetics, and as a transportation fuel.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
High-Frequency Ultrasound Technology for Biofuel Production
High-frequency ultrasound (HFU) is an ultrasound technology with a frequency higher than 1000 kHz. It has become increasingly recognized as an emerging process intensification technology in various fields, such as biofuel production, carbon dioxide absorption, and wastewater treatment. HFU is seen as a potential intensifier technology for biofuel production, as its mechanisms, such as cavitational phenomena, microstreaming, and fountain formation, can benefit biofuel production.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Transformers for Computer Vision
Vision transformers (ViTs) are designed for tasks related to vision, including image recognition. Originally, transformers were used to process natural language (NLP). As a special type of transformer, vision transformers (ViTs) can be used for various computer vision (CV) applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Fermentation of Woody Biomass
As greenhouse gas emissions are continuously increasing, research is now privileging greener and more sustainable human activities. An attractive strategy in the pursuit of sustainability is the valorization of lignocellulosic biomasses for the production of bioethanol. This approach relies on the bioconversion of wood and agricultural waste, which are abundant globally. They represent considerable sources of fermentable sugars that can be recovered through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the presence of lignin in wood waste makes it more recalcitrant to enzymatic hydrolysis, and reduces the efficiency of the bioconversion process. Therefore, a pretreatment preceding hydrolysis is highly necessary in order to disrupt the resistant structure of woody biomass. The type and severity of the pretreatment affect the outcomes of the hydrolysis and fermentation steps, just as they strongly influence the overall process costs. Given this context, bioenergy production from this biomass is a promising alternative method of sustainably responding to energy demands while reducing the amounts of waste left in nature. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
White Rot Fungi in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
White Rot Fungi (WRF) are a class of microorganisms widely understood for their ability to break down an extensive range of pollutants generally found in industrial wastewater. WRF usually carry out the degradation process with ligninolytic enzyme by targeting complex industrial pollutants, such as aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and products of personal care. The unique enzymatic system of WRF converts the complex and harmful industrial pollutants into harmless end and byproducts, thus minimizing the impact on the environment and ecosystem. 
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Internet of Medical Things
Mobile devices have the potential to assist healthcare professionals and to help increasing the well-being of the people. These devices comprise the Internet of Medical Things but it is generally difficult for healthcare institutions to meet compliance of their systems with new medical solutions efficiently. A technology that promises to overcome the issue is the Distributed Ledger Technology through its properties of decentralization, immutability, and transparency. The work aims at giving an overview of the current state-of-the-art of the blockchain-based systems for the Internet of Medical Things, specifically addressing the challenges of reaching user-centricity for these combined systems, and so, highlighting the future potential directions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urogenital Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Root Rot Disease in Agriculture
Root rot diseases remain a major global threat to the productivity of agricultural crops. They are usually caused by more than one type of pathogen and are thus often referred to as a root rot complex.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Calmodulin Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium-Channels
Calmodulin (CaM) is a small protein that acts as a ubiquitous signal transducer and regulates neuronal plasticity, muscle contraction, and immune response. It interacts with ion channels and plays regulatory roles in cellular electrophysiology. CaM modulates the voltage-gated sodium channel gating process, alters sodium current density, and regulates sodium channel protein trafficking and expression.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Potential Role of CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling
Immunotherapy is currently the backbone of new drug treatments for many cancer patients. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is an important factor involved in recruiting immune cells that express CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) in the tumor microenvironment and serves as a key molecular determinant of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Condensate formation by a group of metabolic enzymes in the cell is an efficient way of regulating cell metabolism through the formation of “membrane-less organelles.” Because of the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) for investigating protein localization, various enzymes were found to form condensates or filaments in living Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian cells, and in other organisms, thereby regulating cell metabolism in the certain status of the cells. 
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Creatine Supplementation for Muscle Growth
Muscle growth involves increasing muscular size, typically through strength training and protein supplementation.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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