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Topic Review
Omics Approaches in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which represents 80% of pancreatic cancers, is mainly diagnosed when treatment with curative intent is not possible. Consequently, the overall five-year survival rate is extremely dismal—around 5% to 7%. In addition, pancreatic cancer is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. Therefore, advances in screening, prevention and treatment are urgently needed. Fortunately, a wide range of approaches could help shed light in this area. Beyond the use of cytological or histological samples focusing in diagnosis, a plethora of new approaches are currently being used for a deeper characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, including genetic, epigenetic, and/or proteo-transcriptomic techniques. Accordingly, the development of new analytical technologies using body fluids (blood, bile, urine, etc.) to analyze tumor derived molecules has become a priority in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma due to the hard accessibility to tumor samples. These types of technologies will lead us to improve the outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.
  • 715
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Appraising Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Approximately 75% of breast cancer (BC) is associated with luminal differentiation expressing endocrine receptors (ER). For ER+ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)− tumors, adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) is the cornerstone treatment. Although relapse events steadily continue, the ET benefits translate to dramatically lengthen life expectancy with bearable side-effects.
  • 715
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Malignant Traits and Extracellular Vesicles in Metastasis
Metastases are responsible for the vast majority of cancer deaths, yet most therapeutic efforts have focused on targeting and interrupting tumor growth rather than impairing the metastatic process. Traditionally, cancer metastasis is attributed to the dissemination of neoplastic cells from the primary tumor to distant organs through blood and lymphatic circulation. A thorough understanding of the metastatic process is essential to develop new therapeutic strategies that improve cancer survival. Since Paget’s original description of the “Seed and Soil” hypothesis over a hundred years ago, alternative theories and new players have been proposed. In particular, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cancer cells and their uptake by neighboring cells or at distinct anatomical sites has been explored.
  • 715
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Cancer Predisposition Syndromes (CPSs), also known as Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (HCSs), represent a group of genetic disorders associated with an increased lifetime risk of developing cancer.
  • 715
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Function of STRNs and the STRIPAK Complex
Striatins (STRNs) are generally considered to be cytoplasmic proteins, with lower expression observed in the nucleus and at cell–cell contact regions. Together with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), STRNs form the core region of striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes through the coiled-coil region of STRN proteins, which is crucial for substrate recruitment. STRNs and the constituent members of the STRIPAK complex have been found to regulate several cellular functions, such as cell cycle control, cell growth, and motility.
  • 715
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Integrative Medicine and Pancreatic Cancer
Although there are currently no published RCTs on integrative medicine and pancreatic cancer, a significant amount of in vitro and animal studies, in addition, to case series and meta-analyses exist to help guide clinicians in making recommendations to patients with pancreatic cancer. When we use IM for our cancer patients often they are healing from complex digestive reconstructions and have to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy before being completely recovered from major abdominal surgery. We have found that it is more realistic to not be too draconian with these patients.
  • 714
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network
The Canadian Cancer Clinical Trials Network (3CTN) was established in 2014 to address the decline in academic cancer clinical trials (ACCT) activity. Funding was provided to cancer centres to conduct a Portfolio of ACCTs. 
  • 714
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biology/Chemoresistance of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a gynecological malignancy responsible for 4.4% of cancer-related deaths in the world and is the most lethal gynecological tumor. The five-year overall survival of epithelial OC patients ranges from 20% at stage IV to 89% at stage I, but 80% of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages (III or IV) due to unspecific clinical manifestations. The standard treatment for OC consists of cytoreductive surgery combined with chemotherapy based on platinum (cisplatin or carboplatin) alone or in combination with paclitaxel, doxorubicin, or docetaxel, as well as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors for patients with mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2.
  • 714
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapy of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Gastric cancer is characterized by poor survival despite surgery and chemotherapy. Current research focusses on biomarkers to improve diagnosis, prognosis and to enable targeted treatment strategies. The aim of our review was to give an overview over the wide range of novel biomarkers in gastric cancer. These biomarkers are targets of a specitif treatment, like antibodies against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Other promising biomarkers for targeted therapies that have shown relevance in clinical trials are vascular endothelial growth factor, programmed cell death protein 1 and Claudin 18.2. 
  • 714
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cranberry Polyphenols in Esophageal Cancer Inhibition
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a cancer characterized by rapidly rising incidence and poor survival, resulting in the need for new prevention and treatment options. Cranberry extracts including proanthocyanidins (C-PAC) and anthocyanins, flavonoids and glycosides (AFG) mitigate key networks dysregulated in EAC progression including NOTCH, NRF2, immune, EMT and TP53 signaling.
  • 714
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anaplastic (Malignant) Meningioma
Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system malignancies accounting for 36% of all intracranial tumors. However, only 1% of meningioma is classified as malignant (anaplastic) meningioma. Due to their rarity, clinical management of these tumors presents several gaps. 
  • 714
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Childhood Leukemias
Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in childhood leukemias remains a major cause of treatment failures. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid constitutes the most important diagnostic pillar in the detection of CNS leukemia and relies primarily on cytological and flow-cytometry studies. With increasing survival rates, it has become clear that treatments for pediatric leukemias pose a toll on the developing brain, as they may cause acute toxicities and persistent neurocognitive deficits. Preclinical research has demonstrated that established and newer therapies can injure and even destroy neuronal and glial cells in the brain. Both passive and active cell death forms can result from DNA damage, oxidative stress, cytokine release, and acceleration of cell aging. In addition, chemotherapy agents may impair neurogenesis as well as the function, formation, and plasticity of synapses. Clinical studies show that neurocognitive toxicity of chemotherapy is greatest in younger children.
  • 713
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Precision Oncology Beyond Genomics
Cancer is a multifactorial disease with increasing incidence. There are more than 100 different cancer types, defined by location, cell of origin, and genomic alterations that influence oncogenesis and therapeutic response. This heterogeneity between tumors of different patients and also the heterogeneity within the same patient’s tumor pose an enormous challenge to cancer treatment.
  • 713
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Detecting lung malignancies promptly is essential for any anticancer treatment to reduce mortality and morbidity, especially in high-risk individuals. 
  • 713
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has emerged as an alternative staging approach in women with assumed early-stage endometrial carcinoma. Through image-guided surgery and pathologic ultrastaging, the SLN approach is introducing “precision medicine” to the surgical management of gynecologic cancers, providing a comprehensive evaluation of high-yield lymph nodes. This approach improves the surgeons’ ability to detect small-volume metastatic disease while reducing intraoperative and postoperative morbidity associated with lymphadenectomy. Although the majority of clinicians in Europe and the USA have recognized the value of SLN biopsy in endometrial carcinoma and introduced this as part of clinical practice, there is ongoing debate regarding its role in very low-risk patients as well as in patients at high risk of nodal metastasis. The significance of low-volume metastasis is not fully understood, and there is no consensus in regard to how the presence of isolated tumor cells should guide adjuvant therapy. Standardized protocols for histopathologic evaluation of SLNs are lacking.
  • 712
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Free DNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been used as a non-invasive biomarker for detecting cancer-specific mutations. 
  • 712
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Radiation Treatment Adaptation for Head and Neck Cancers
Radiation therapy plays a substantial role in the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer. Although there has been remarkable advances in radiation therapy techniques over the years, many patients still experience significant treatment toxicities, and several will unfortunately develop cancer recurrence. As head and neck cancers are widely heterogeneous, one approach that may improve outcomes is treatment adaptation to the anatomical or functional changes that occur during the course of therapy. Researchers conclude the current and upcoming literature on radiation therapy treatment adaptation for patients with head and neck cancer, with an emphasis on the added value of magnetic resonance imaging.
  • 711
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of circRNAs in Cancer Cells
The ever-increasing number of cancer cases and persistently high mortality underlines the urgent need to acquire new perspectives for developing innovative therapeutic approaches. As the research on protein-coding genes brought significant yet only incremental progress in the development of anticancer therapy, much attention is now devoted to understanding the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in various types of cancer. The ncRNAs recognized previously as “dark matter” are, in fact, key players in shaping cancer development. Moreover, breakthrough discoveries concerning the role of a new group of ncRNAs, circular RNAs, have evidenced their high importance in many diseases, including malignancies. 
  • 711
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Microtubule Acetylation Controls Breast Cancer
During aggressive cancer progression, cancer cells adapt to unique microenvironments by withstanding various cellular stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the mechanism whereby cancer cells overcome the ER stress to survive remains to be elucidated.
  • 710
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CAF partners with Endometrial Tumor-Cells
A tumor cell carrying characteristic genomic alteration(s) exists within its host’s microenvironment. The tempero-spatial interaction of tumor cells with its microenvironment is the deterministic factor for tumor growth, progression, resistance to therapy, and its outcome in clinics. This manuscript presents a systemic review of the role of CAF in endometrial cancers. Here we present the functional characteristics of CAF in the context of endometrial cancers. We review (1) the characteristics of CAF, (2) their evolution from being anti-tumor to pro-tumor, (3) their involvement in regulating growth and several metastasis-associated phenotypes of tumor cells, (4) their participation in perturbing immune defense and evading immune surveillance, and (5) their role in mediating drug resistance via tumor-CAF cross-talk with particular reference to endometrial cancers. We interrogate the functional characteristics of CAF in the light of its dialogue with tumor cells and other components of TME towards developing a CAF-based strategy for precision therapy to supplement tumor-based therapy. The purpose of the review is to present a new vision and initiate a thought process which recognizes the importance of CAF in a tumor, thereby resulting in a novel approach to the design and management of the disease in endometrial cancers.
  • 710
  • 29 Mar 2022
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