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Topic Review
DNA Karyometry for Automated Detection of Cancer Cells
Cancers have to be microscopically established before they can be treated adequately. This can be performed on cell and/or tissue samples. 
  • 725
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Integrative Medicine and Pancreatic Cancer
Although there are currently no published RCTs on integrative medicine and pancreatic cancer, a significant amount of in vitro and animal studies, in addition, to case series and meta-analyses exist to help guide clinicians in making recommendations to patients with pancreatic cancer. When we use IM for our cancer patients often they are healing from complex digestive reconstructions and have to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy before being completely recovered from major abdominal surgery. We have found that it is more realistic to not be too draconian with these patients.
  • 724
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Radiation-Induced Thyroid Cancers
Enormous amounts of childhood thyroid cancers, mostly childhood papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident have revealed a mutual relationship between the radiation exposure and thyroid cancer development. While the internal exposure to radioactive 131I is involved in the childhood thyroid cancers after the Chernobyl accident, people exposed to the external radiation, such as atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors, and the patients who received radiation therapy, have also been epidemiologically demonstrated to develop thyroid cancers. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis, studies have aimed at defining the molecular changes associated with the thyroid cancer development.
  • 724
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Management of Malignant Pleural Effusions
Overview of current guidelines and practices in the management of malignant pleural effusion
  • 724
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs at the GWAS Risk Loci
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as key players in a variety of cellular processes. Deregulation of the lncRNAs has been implicated in prostate and breast cancers. Recently, germline genetic variations associated with cancer risk have been correlated with lncRNA expression and/or function. In addition, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at well-characterized cancer-associated lncRNAs have been analyzed for their association with cancer risk. These SNPs may occur within the lncRNA transcripts or spanning regions that may alter the structure, function, and expression of these lncRNA molecules and contribute to cancer progression and may have potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Additionally, some of these lncRNA have a tissue-specific expression profile, suggesting them as biomarkers for specific cancers.
  • 723
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Integrate Frailty Assessment in Onconephrology
Onconephrology has emerged as a novel sub-specialty of nephrology dedicated to the intersection between the kidney and cancer. This intersection is broad and includes a number of important areas of focus, including concurrent chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cancer, acute kidney complications of cancer, and cancer-treatment-induced nephrotoxicity. The importance of onconephrology is even more evident when considering the global growth in the population of older adults, many of whom are living with some degree of frailty. Furthermore, a considerable proportion of older adults have CKD (some of whom eventually progress to kidney failure) and are at high risk of developing solid tumour and hematologic malignancies. Specific to kidney disease, the association between frailty status and kidney disease has been explored in depth, and tools to capture frailty can be used to guide the management and prognostication of older adults living with kidney failure.
  • 723
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Histone Methyltransferase/Demethylase in Cancer
Epigenetic modifications are heritable chromatin alterations that contribute to the temporal and spatial interpretation of the genome. The epigenetic information is conveyed through a multitude of chemical modifications, including DNA methylation, reversible modifications of histones, and ATP-dependent nucleosomal remodeling. Deregulation of the epigenetic machinery contributes to the development of several pathologies, including cancer. During the last decade, we saw an explosion of studies investigating the role of methylation/demethylation of histones. Histone methylation and demethylation are catalyzed by protein methyltransferases and protein demethylases. Their substrates have been shown to play important roles in cancers. Although the underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis are still largely unknown, growing evidence is starting to link aberrant regulation of methylation to tumorigenesis. This review focuses on summarizing the recent progress in understanding of the function of histone lysine and arginine methylation/demethylation. We also discuss the potential and the caveats of targeting protein methylation for the treatment of cancer.
  • 723
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Appraising Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Approximately 75% of breast cancer (BC) is associated with luminal differentiation expressing endocrine receptors (ER). For ER+ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)− tumors, adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) is the cornerstone treatment. Although relapse events steadily continue, the ET benefits translate to dramatically lengthen life expectancy with bearable side-effects.
  • 722
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Imaging in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer represents one of the most common oncological causes of death worldwide. In order to treat patients in the best possible way, the staging of gastric cancer should be accurate. In this regard, endoscopy ultrasound (EUS) has been considered the reference standard for tumor (T) and nodal (N) statuses. However, thanks to technological improvements, computed tomography (CT) has gained an important role, not only in the assessment of distant metastases (M status) but also in T and N staging.
  • 722
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
DNA Repair Pathways in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Due to the large-scale sequencing efforts, there is currently a better understanding of the genomic landscape of PC. The identification of defects in DNA repair genes has led to clinical studies that provide a strong rationale for developing poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents in this molecularly defined subset of patients. The identification of molecularly defined subgroups of patients has also other clinical implications; for example, we now know that carriers of breast cancer 2 (BRCA2) pathogenic sequence variants (PSVs) have increased levels of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, increased proportion of high Gleason tumors, elevated rates of nodal and distant metastases, and high recurrence rate; BRCA2 PSVs confer lower overall survival (OS). Distinct tumor PSV, methylation, and expression patterns have been identified in BRCA2 compared with non-BRCA2 mutant prostate tumors. Several DNA damage response and repair (DDR)-targeting agents are currently being evaluated either as single agents or in combination in patients with PC. 
  • 722
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anaplastic (Malignant) Meningioma
Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system malignancies accounting for 36% of all intracranial tumors. However, only 1% of meningioma is classified as malignant (anaplastic) meningioma. Due to their rarity, clinical management of these tumors presents several gaps. 
  • 721
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immune-Focused Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
The emerging field of immuno-oncology has brought exciting developments in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has also raised urgent questions about the role of immunotherapy in the setting of liver transplantation, both before and after transplant. A growing body of evidence points to the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents as potential adjuncts for successful down-staging of advanced HCCs to allow successful transplant in carefully selected patients. For patients with recurrent HCC post-transplant, immunotherapy has a limited, yet growing role.
  • 721
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Targeted Therapies for Adult-Type Diffuse Glioma
Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in adults, and molecularly targeted therapies to treat gliomas are becoming a frequent topic of investigation. The current state of molecular targeted therapy research for adult-type diffuse gliomas has yet to be characterized, particularly following the 2021 WHO guideline changes for classifying gliomas using molecular subtypes.
  • 721
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cranberry Polyphenols in Esophageal Cancer Inhibition
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a cancer characterized by rapidly rising incidence and poor survival, resulting in the need for new prevention and treatment options. Cranberry extracts including proanthocyanidins (C-PAC) and anthocyanins, flavonoids and glycosides (AFG) mitigate key networks dysregulated in EAC progression including NOTCH, NRF2, immune, EMT and TP53 signaling.
  • 720
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Radiosensitizers for Enhancing Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor that is associated with a poor prognosis and quality of life. The standard of care consists of surgery followed by radiotherapy (RT), concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ), and tumor treating fields (TTF). Factors such as tumor hypoxia and the presence of glioma stem cells contribute to the radioresistant nature of GBM. Small molecules and immunotherapy agents that have been studied in conjunction with RT in clinical trials are presented herein.
  • 720
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Technological Advancements in Interventional Oncology
Interventional radiology, and particularly interventional oncology, represents one of the medical subspecialties in which technological advancements and innovations play an utterly fundamental role. Artificial intelligence, consisting of big data analysis and feature extrapolation through computational algorithms for disease diagnosis and treatment response evaluation, is nowadays playing an increasingly important role in various healthcare fields and applications, from diagnosis to treatment response prediction. One of the fields which greatly benefits from artificial intelligence is interventional oncology. In addition, digital health, consisting of practical technological applications, can assist healthcare practitioners in their daily activities. 
  • 720
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
Cancer Predisposition Syndromes (CPSs), also known as Hereditary Cancer Syndromes (HCSs), represent a group of genetic disorders associated with an increased lifetime risk of developing cancer.
  • 720
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Therapies for Difficult-To-Treat Brain Tumours Such as Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a challenging disease, as it is the most common and deadly brain tumour in adults and has no curative solution and an overall short survival time. This incurability and short survival time means that, despite its rarity (average incidence of 3.2 per 100,000 persons), there has been an increased effort to try to treat this disease. Standard of care in newly diagnosed glioblastoma is maximal tumour resection followed by initial concomitant radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) and then further chemotherapy with TMZ. Imaging techniques are key not only to diagnose the extent of the affected tissue but also for surgery planning and even for intraoperative use. Eligible patients may combine TMZ with tumour treating fields (TTF) therapy, which delivers low-intensity and intermediate-frequency electric fields to arrest tumour growth. Nonetheless, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and systemic side effects are obstacles to successful chemotherapy in GBM; thus, more targeted, custom therapies such as immunotherapy and nanotechnological drug delivery systems have been undergoing research with varying degrees of success.
  • 720
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CAF partners with Endometrial Tumor-Cells
A tumor cell carrying characteristic genomic alteration(s) exists within its host’s microenvironment. The tempero-spatial interaction of tumor cells with its microenvironment is the deterministic factor for tumor growth, progression, resistance to therapy, and its outcome in clinics. This manuscript presents a systemic review of the role of CAF in endometrial cancers. Here we present the functional characteristics of CAF in the context of endometrial cancers. We review (1) the characteristics of CAF, (2) their evolution from being anti-tumor to pro-tumor, (3) their involvement in regulating growth and several metastasis-associated phenotypes of tumor cells, (4) their participation in perturbing immune defense and evading immune surveillance, and (5) their role in mediating drug resistance via tumor-CAF cross-talk with particular reference to endometrial cancers. We interrogate the functional characteristics of CAF in the light of its dialogue with tumor cells and other components of TME towards developing a CAF-based strategy for precision therapy to supplement tumor-based therapy. The purpose of the review is to present a new vision and initiate a thought process which recognizes the importance of CAF in a tumor, thereby resulting in a novel approach to the design and management of the disease in endometrial cancers.
  • 720
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
First-Line Immunotherapy
First-line immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy has deeply changed the treatment landscape and prognosis in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients with no targetable alterations. Nonetheless, a percentage of patients progressed on ICI as monotherapy or combinations. Open questions remain on patients’ selection, the identification of biomarkers of primary resistance to immunotherapy and the treatment strategies to overcome secondary resistance to first-line immunotherapy. Local ablative approaches are the main therapeutic strategies in oligoprogressive disease, and their role is emerging in patients treated with immunotherapy. Many therapeutic strategies can be adapted in aNSCLC patients with systemic progression to personalize the treatment approach according to re-characterization of the tumors, previous ICI response, and type of progression.
  • 719
  • 16 Apr 2021
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