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Topic Review
Black Soldier Fly Larvae Nutrients Digestibility and Bioavailability
The black soldier fly (BSF) is a distinct member of the Stratiomyidae family within the Diptera order. BSF, primarily thriving in South America, has adapted to a wide range of climates including temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions, with its ideal living conditions being temperatures between 25 °C and 30 °C. Outside of industrial production, they cannot live in northwestern Europe and locations with temperatures below 5 °C due to their inability to withstand the cold. Today, the BSF is estimated to inhabit over 80% of the world, particularly between latitudes 46 N and 42 S. Incredibly prolific in humid tropical areas, the BSF is drawn to regions abundant in decomposing organic materials.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sugars and CKs in seeds
Plants adjust their growth and development through a sophisticated regulatory system integrating endogenous and exogenous cues. Many of them rely on intricate crosstalk between nutrients and hormones, an effective way of coupling nutritional and developmental information and ensuring plant survival. Sugars in their different forms such as sucrose, glucose, fructose and trehalose-6-P and the hormone family of cytokinins (CKs) are major regulators of the shoot and root functioning throughout the plant life cycle.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TNF-α Inhibitors and Vaccinations
This entry is a up-to-dated review of the current indications for vaccination in patients on anti-TNF-a therapy. Live attenuated vaccines are always contraindicated, while inactivated vaccines can be safely administered.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Berberis lycium
Study of reproductive biology and pollination ecology helps in understanding the life history patterns of species. Such a study brings to light the bottlenecks, if any, on account of which the individuals of the species are not able to reproduce in nature and ultimately helps in planning appropriate conservation strategies for the species under threat. The present study was aimed at examining the morphological and reproductive variance in Berberis lycium, a threatened ecological specialist growing within shrubberies and open hillsides of the North-Western Himalayas in India. B. lycium displays three different variants. Flowering period ranges from February to September. Pollen viability as reported on fluorescein diacetate and acetocarmine treatments was highest for variant I, while maximum pollen output was obtained for variant III. Pollen pistil interaction is brought by the movement of anther towards stigma. Fluorescence microscopy of hand pollinated club shaped stigma shows that the germinating pollen form a ring over the receptive adaxial surface. Pollination syndrome is entomophily. Variant II attracts a significantly large number of pollinators from diverse insect families. Breeding experiments reflect that plants are self-compatible and cross fertile. Reproductive output (% fruit set) was highest for variant II followed by III and I, respectively. 
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Spirulina Supplementation
Spirulina is a microalga that presents various important pro-health properties, for instance lowering blood pressure in the research. The study aims to appraise the efficacy of Spirulina administration on systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were retrieved by a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases from inception to June 2021 according to a standardized protocol. The effect size of each study was counted from mean and standard deviation before and after the intervention and shown as Un-standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Meta-analysis on 5 RCTs with 230 subjects was eligible. The amount of Spirulina ranged from 1 to 8 g per day, and intervention durations ranged from 2 to 12 weeks. Data analysis indicated that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant lowering of SBP (Mean Difference (MD): −4.59 mmHg, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): −8.20 to −0.99, I square statistic (I2) = 65%) and significant lowering of DBP (MD: −7.02 mmHg, CI: −8.86 to −5.18, I2 = 11%), particularly in a subgroup of hypertensive patients. Spirulina administration might have a supportive effect on the prevention and treatment of hypertension. More exact randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the effect of Spirulina supplementation on blood pressure.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ag-Decorated/Loaded Gas Sensors
Ag is one of the cheapest noble metals which is extensively used in the decoration or doping of semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) to boost the overall gas-sensing performances of nanostructured SMOs. This is due to the electronic and chemical sensitization of Ag nanoparticles. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Wild Edible Native Plants of Chile
Locally available WEPs edible plants; plant genetic resources; traditional knowledge(Wild Edible Native Plants) can provide consumers with a more diverse range of nutritionally high-quality compounds. They can be a source of energy, fibre and micronutrients and offer a large spectrum of phytochemicals such as phenols, tannins, flavones, terpenoids, polysaccharides, steroids, saponins and alkaloids.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and MXenes
Green hydrogen production via electrocatalytic water splitting paves the way for renewable, clean, and sustainable hydrogen (H2) generation. H2 gas is produced from the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), where the reaction is catalyzed primarily from Pt-based catalysts under both acidic and alkaline environments. MXene is a 2D nanomaterial based on transition-metal carbide or nitride, having the general formula of Mn+1XnTx, where M = transition metal, X = C and/or N and Tx = surface termination groups such as F, O, OH and Cl.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Resistance of Concretes to External Chlorides
Corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride attack remains a major reinforced concrete durability concern. The problem is prevalent for concrete structures located within marine environments or frost-prone locations where chlorides containing de-icing salts are used. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Colistin Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
Colistin, as a positively charged peptide, exerts its antibacterial effect via electrostatic interactions with negatively charged lipid A, a component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Accordingly, two main mechanisms of colistin resistance have been described in Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii): the complete loss or modifications of the target LPS, leading to abolishing or reducing its negative charge. The complete loss of LPS results from inactivation of the first three genes of the lipid A biosynthetic pathway (lpxA, lpxC, and lpxD genes), whereas the modification of LPS occurs through the addition of phosphoethanolamine (PEtN) moieties to lipid A by the pmrCAB operon-encoded enzymes. Although 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose (L-Ara4N) modification of LPS has been described as a more common and effective colistin resistance mechanism compared to PEtN LPS modification in diverse Gram-negative pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), it was absent in A. baumannii. In addition to chromosome-mediated mechanisms, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance encoded by mcr genes has been recognized as a major driver of rapid dissemination by horizontal gene transfer among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, including A. baumannii.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application of Vegetation Indices beyond Vegetation Monitoring
Vegetation indices (VIs) have long been a crucial tool for monitoring plant growth and health, assessing the impact of environmental factors on vegetation, and supporting decision-making processes in agriculture and forestry. Traditionally, these mathematical formulations, leveraging the spectral response of plants to sunlight, have been instrumental in assessing vegetation health. However, emerging research suggests some unconventional applications that extend the scope of VIs.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation in Dermatology
Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser light therapy (LLLT), is a safe phototherapy technique that uses wavelengths of the visible light spectrum which includes red light (RL, 620–700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR, 700–1440 nm). This treatment modality has been used in dermatology, both in clinical settings and at home. PBM involves the use of various light sources, including low-level lasers (LLL) and light-emitting diodes (LED), to deliver therapeutic light. Reviews on the matter have already been conducted.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Nov 2024
Topic Review
CT assessment of CLAD
Chronic lung allograft rejection remains one of the major causes of morbi-mortality after lung transplantation. The term Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) has been proposed to describe the different processes that lead to a significant and persistent deterioration in lung function without identifiable causes. The two main phenotypes of CLAD are Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) and Restrictive Allograft Syndrome (RAS), each of them characterized by particular functional and imaging features. These entities can be associated (mixed phenotype) or switch from one to the other. If CLAD remains a clinical diagnosis based on spirometry, computed tomography (CT) scan plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of CLAD patients: •      To exclude identifiable causes of functional decline when CLAD is first suspected; •      To detect early abnormalities that can precede the diagnosis of CLAD (particularly RAS);  •      To differentiate between the obstructive and the restrictive phenotypes; •      To detect exacerbations and evolution from one phenotype to the other. Recognition of early signs of rejection is crucial, for better understanding of physiopathologic pathways and optimal management of patients. 
  • 1.5K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Undergraduate Nursing Students
Undergraduate (UG) nursing students are vulnerable to stress throughout their education, known to result in burnout, with high attrition rates of up to 33%. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that mindfulness-based interventions are effective for the management of anxiety, depression and wellbeing, thereby reducing stress in healthcare provider populations. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Geologic Background of Sixtymile Gold District, Yukon, Canada
The Sixtymile gold district, Yukon, Canada has been mined for placer gold since the late 19th century. 
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Uric Acid Electroanalysis
Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gate-Level Static Approximate Adders
This work compares and analyzes static approximate adders which are suitable for FPGA and ASIC type implementations. We consider many static approximate adders and evaluate their performance with respect to a digital image processing application using standard figures of merit such as peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity index metric. We provide the error metrics of approximate adders, and the design metrics of accurate and approximate adders corresponding to FPGA and ASIC type implementations. For the FPGA implementation, we considered a Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA, and for an ASIC type implementation, we considered a 32-28 nm CMOS standard digital cell library. While the inferences from this work could serve as a useful reference to determine an optimum static approximate adder for a practical application, in particular, we found approximate adders HOAANED, HERLOA and M-HERLOA to be preferable.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose-Based Composite Membranes with Hydroxyapatite
Cellulose-based materials are a viable alternative to synthetic polymers due to their favorable physico-chemical and biological characteristics. They are also an appropriate organic matrix for the incorporation of hydroxyapatite particles, inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, as well as electrostatic interactions being formed between the functional groups on the polymeric chains surface and the inorganic filler. Considering the versatility of hydroxyapatite particles, the hybrid materials offer favorable prospects for applications in water purification, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and hemodialysis. The preparation technique and the chemical composition have a big influence on the final membrane properties. The well-established membrane fabrication methods such as phase inversion, electrospinning, or gradual electrostatic assembly are discussed, together with the various strategies employed to obtain a homogenous dispersion of the inorganic particles in the polymeric matrix. Finally, the main conclusions and the future directions regarding the preparation and applications of cellulose derivatives/hydroxyapatite composite membranes are presented.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Hematopoietic cells consist of a heterogenous group of cells originating from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs differentiate into multi-potent progenitor cells (MPPs) which further produce circulating and tissue-residing blood cells of specific lineage. The bone marrow (BM) is the main hematopoietic organ in an adult and houses millions of immature and mature hematopoietic cells. HSCs reside as a rare cell population in the BM where they are maintained in quiescence as a reserve pool for hematopoiesis. When hematopoiesis is compromised, HSCs self-renew, proliferate and differentiate to replenish hematopoietic cells. As with all cells in an organism, hematopoietic cells utilize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a common energy currency. While it is fundamentally known that ATP is produced anaerobically through glycolysis and aerobically through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the contribution of these processes for energy production varies between hematopoietic cell type. While the BM microenvironment is predominantly hypoxic, different hematopoietic cells utilize both glycolysis and OXPHOS at varying degrees for survival.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Verticillium Dahliae MAT1-1&MAT1-2
Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne plant pathogenic fungus that causes Verticillium wilt on hundreds of dicotyledonous plant species. V. dahliae is considered an asexually (clonal) reproducing fungus, although both mating type idiomorphs (MAT1-1 and MAT1-2) are present, and is heterothallic. Most of the available information on V. dahliae strains, including their biology, pathology, and genomics comes from studies on isolates with the MAT1-2 idiomorph, and thus little information is available on the MAT1-1 V. dahliae strains in the literature. We therefore evaluated the growth responses of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 V. dahliae strains to various stimuli. Growth rates and melanin production in response to increased temperature, alkaline pH, light, and H2O2 stress were higher in the MAT1-2 strains than in the MAT1-1 strains. In addition, the MAT1-2 strains showed an enhanced ability to degrade complex polysaccharides, especially starch, pectin, and cellulose. Furthermore, several MAT1-2 strains from both potato and sunflower showed increased virulence on their original hosts, relative to their MAT1-1 counterparts. Thus, compared to MAT1-1 strains, MAT1-2 strains derive their potentially greater fitness from an increased capacity to adapt to their environment and exhibit higher virulence. These competitive advantages might explain the current abundance of MAT1-2 strains relative to MAT1-1 strains in the agricultural and sylvicultural ecosystems, and this study provides the baseline information on the two mating idiomorphs to study sexual reproduction in V. dahliae under natural and laboratory conditions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Jul 2021
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