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Topic Review
Ecological Footprint
Ecological Footprint (EF) is one of the most scientific methods for the assessment of environmental performance. It is broadly applied to measure the sustainability grade of communities. EF is also an accounting tool for quantifying Herman Daly’s (Nobel Prize winner for sustainable development) principles of sustainability, and it could provide the ability of natural resource consumption monitoring and present advice for the reduction of human pressure on the ecosystem.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fouling Prevention in Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization
The application of membrane processes in various fields has now undergone accelerated developments, despite the presence of some hurdles impacting the process efficiency. Fouling is arguably the main hindrance for a wider implementation of polymeric membranes, particularly in pressure-driven membrane processes, causing higher costs of energy, operation, and maintenance. Radiation induced graft copolymerization (RIGC) is a powerful versatile technique for covalently imparting selected chemical functionalities to membranes’ surfaces, providing a potential solution to fouling problems. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Thermal Diffusivity and Mechanical Properties of Wood
A dependence of Brinell hardness and thermal diffusivity tensor components upon humidity for common pine wood is found. The results of the measurement of Brinell hardness, microhardness, Young’s modulus, and main components of thermal diffusivity tensor for three perpendicular cuts are found to be correlated. It is shown that the mechanical properties correlate better with the ratio of longitude to transversal thermal diffusivity coefficients than with the respective individual absolute values. The mechanical characteristics with the highest correlation with the abovementioned ratio are found to be the ratio of Young’s moduli in longitude and transversal directions. 
  • 1.5K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Photosynthesis and Rubisco: An Evolutionary Perspective
When oxygenic photosynthesis evolved around 2.4 billion years ago, it is believed that all the oxygen-evolving organisms used the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco)- photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCRC) despite there being five other major CO2 assimilation pathways. Rubisco-PCRC was dominant, with the highest specific activity in presence of carbon dioxide at high concentrations without the presence of oxygen. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Blockchains
A hybrid blockchain is often advocated where multiple parties, trust, data access management and sharing, friction, regulations and a combination of centralization and decentralization is involved. A hybrid blockchain is also used by entities that need the benefits of both the public and private characteristics, which can be achieved using Interchain, bridges or other interoperability solutions between legacy systems and blockchains, both public or private. Private, public, consortium and permissioned blockchains all have their own setbacks and benefits. Entities that do not want to expose sensitive business data to the internet are limited to private blockchains. Entities looking for no access restrictions at all can leverage public blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum. The hybrid blockchain ensures sensitive business data stays private on business nodes unless permitted. It also validates the hash of the private transactions through consensus algorithms and even public checkpoints such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Through Interchain, the hash of a private transaction can be placed on the Bitcoin network or any other public blockchain such as Ethereum, making an immutable record of the event with the benefit of a public blockchain’s hash power.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Solar Compass
The solar compass, a surveying instrument that makes use of the sun's direction, was first invented and made by William Austin Burt. He patented it on February 25, 1836, in the United States Patent Office as No 9428X. It received a medal at the Great Exhibition of 1851.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Corporate Governance in Investment Efficiency, Financial Information Disclosure
Corporate governance minimizes the conflicting interests between internal and external stakeholders and shareholders. The corporate governance structure affects the quality of accounting disclosure and information quality assessment and guides analysts to accurately forecast future performance. There is no consensus definition for corporate governance, but its ultimate goal is to achieve accountability, transparency, justice, fairness, and respect for the rights of all stakeholders. Corporate governance is not related to the primary operations of a company. Still, it is related to leading the company, monitoring the activities of the CEO, and assessing the accountability power of the company’s executives to stakeholders. A proper corporate governance system can help companies gain investors’ trust and encourage investment.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Pain Modulation
A review of the pathophysiology of pain and its treatment, from a surgical point of view has been published (Sola RG, Pulido P. Neurosurgical Traatment of Pain. Brain Sci. 2022, 12(11), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111584) There are pain syndromes of difficult medical control.In these cases, surgical treatment may be an excellent alternative. The bases on which the different surgical approaches are based are described. The attached table shows a very schematic view of the neurosurgical treatment of pain.      
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approach of Thermogenic Nutraceuticals to Obesity
Current evidence, both on animal and human models, indicates that several diet components may have beneficial effects on obesity by affecting brown adipose tissue (BAT) and energy metabolism, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, capsaicin and capsinoids, catechins, curcumin, resveratrol and berberine, oleuropein, anthocyanins, quercetin, gingerol, shogaol, 6-paradol, thiacremonone, cinnamaldehyde and menthol. 
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Post Covid-19 Pandemic Scenarios
The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted numerous academic debates about its impact on health and the economy and on possible post-pandemic scenarios across the globe. The discussion has been focused on whether the pandemic will mark a turning point and a unique opportunity to generate radical changes in the economic and productive system, or if the State assistance role will, once again, serve to rescue the capitalist system.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Astaxanthin as a Novel Mitochondrial Regulator
Astaxanthin is a member of the carotenoid family that is found abundantly in marine organisms. It has been reported that astaxanthin functions both as a pigment, and as an antioxidant with superior free radical quenching capacity.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hyperuricemia and Chronic Kidney Disease
Hyperuricemia is described as elevated levels of serum uric acid (UA), which is more commonly known as gout, an acute, symptomatic disease where urate crystals deposit in the joint and cause subsequent inflammatory arthritis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of the kidney structure or function presented for more than 3 months, according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome guidelines. Several mechanisms have been identified that explain the relationship between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease, including the crystal effect, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, and intracellular oxidative stress stimulation, and urate-lowering therapy (ULT) has been proven to reduce renal disease progression.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hyperoncotic Human Albumin Solution in Traumatic Brain Injury
Fluid resuscitation with human albumin solution (HAS) corrects low serum albumin levels and aids in preserving euvolemia in non-brain-injured intensive care units and in perioperative patients. Ischemia, hypotension, hypoxia, and energy dysfunction are important determinants of the outcomes following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) are frequently observed after TBI, leading to cerebral ischemia.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Callous and Unemotional (CU) Traits
Behavioral disorders (BD), including disruptive, aggressive, and/or antisocial behavior, are some of the most common disorders in children and adolescents. The notion of BD used in our review is an umbrella term, including children and adolescents with a range of emotional and behavioral disorders. It includes a population with heterogeneous behavioral diagnoses such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), internalized disorders (ID), conditions often associated with aggressive and/or antisocial behavior. Retrospective research in the field notes heterogeneous developmental trajectories that could be explained by certain risk factors, including the severity of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, a constellation of emotional and personality traits in children considered as a precursor to adult psychopathy.
  • 1.5K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Ribosomal Protein L10
Eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are highly structured macromolecular complexes made up of four different ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs), which play a central role in the decoding of genetic code for the synthesis of new proteins. Over the past 25 years, studies on yeast and human models have made it possible to identify RPL10 (ribosomal protein L10), which is a constituent of the large subunit of the ribosome, as an important player in the final stages of ribosome biogenesis and in ribosome function.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
MMR in Head&Neck Carcinogenesis
The dysfunction of the mismatch repair system, an important mechanism for the detection and correction of DNA replication mistakes, may often lead to instability in the length of specific genetic sequences, known as microsatellites, and to the accumulation of mutations. Microsatellite instability is a well-known risk factor for the development of colorectal cancers and other types of tumors but is also considered a positive predictor of the immunotherapy response. Malignancies harboring such a specific genomic instability are very immunogenic because of the great number of aberrant antigens they produce. Therapies based on the blockade of specific immune checkpoints have shown to induce an effective immune response against microsatellite-unstable cancer. Many studies proved that microsatellite instability has a decisive role in the carcinogenesis and the malignant progression of head and neck cancer and, in the near future, it may become a useful tool in tailoring immunotherapy also in this field of precision oncology.
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vincristine-Induced Pediatric Peripheral Neuropathy
Vincristine-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (VIPN) is a very common side effect of vincristine chemotherapy among pediatric patients with cancer. 
  • 1.5K
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial (dys)function and Sperm Biology
The dogma of mitochondria as the major source of energy in supporting sperm motility should be critically reconsidered in the light of several experimental data pointing to a major role of glycolysis in mammalian spermatozoa. In this light, the reported positive correlation between the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and motility of ejaculated spermatozoa cannot be explained convincingly by an impaired mitochondrial ATP generation only. Evidence has been produced suggesting that, in human sperm, dysfunctional mitochondria represent the main site of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, in these organelles, a complex bidirectional relationship could exist between ROS generation and apoptosis-like events that synergize with oxidative stress in impairing sperm biological integrity and functions. Despite the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant factors, human spermatozoa are particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, which plays a major role in male factor infertility.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sulforaphane
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables that acts as a chemopreventive agent, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Due to antioxidative mechanisms being thought central in preventing cancer progression, SFN could play a role in oxidative processes. Since redox imbalance with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the initiation and progression of bladder cancer, this mechanism might be involved when chemoresistance occurs.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microfracture
The technique of microfracture (MFX) was first performed 40 years ago and served for many years as the main procedure for repairing cartilage defects. There is a need to improve microfractures because the regenerated cartilage differs from the original histological aspect; it is less hyaline and more fibrocartilaginous. In addition, and more importantly, the benefits do not persist and the long-term results are unsatisfactory.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2022
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