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Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GCE/MC–GO–Fe3O4 1 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, sucrose, L-Cys, citric acid, Fe2+, Cl−, Na+, NO3− | Human urine RR > 96% |
0.5–140 | 0.17 | [20] |
TiO2 NPs/GCE 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA | Human urine RR: 97–99.6% |
1–9 | 0.764 | [23] |
PdNPs/rGO/GCE 3 | DPV | 7.2 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum RR: 96.6–108.5% |
0.3–1400 | 16.67 | [24] |
SnO2/chitosan/GCE 4 | DPV | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.4% |
3–200 | 1 | [25] | |
CuO/GCE 5 | CV | 7.4 | UA, UR, lactic acid, ethanol, G, K+, Na+ | Human urine RR: 95–104% |
0.001–351,000 | 0.6 | [21] |
RuON-GCE 6 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, E | Human urine RR: 98–101.6% |
3.0–56.6; 56.6–758.6 | 0.47 | [22] |
MoS2 NSA/CNFs 7 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, levodopa | Human urine RR: 99.7–102.6% |
1–60 | 1 | [26] |
CuO nano-rice/GCE 8 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, fructose, galactose, lactose, Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Br−, CO23−, NH4+, NO2−, NO3−, SO42−, SO32− | Human urine RR: 98.6–102.6% |
1–60 | 1.2 | [27] |
Fe3O4@CNT-N/GCE 9 | SWV | 2.5 | UA, AA, DA | - | 25–85 | 0.47 | [28] |
ZnO NWAs/GF/GCE 10 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum | 0–40 | 0.001 | [19] |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO/AuNR/GCE 1 | DPV | - | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Mg2+ | Human urine | 10–90 | 0.4 | [31] |
AuNPs@GO/PPy/CFP 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 96.8–109% |
2–360 | 1.68 | [35] |
AuNPs-GO/Au-IDA 3 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, E | Human urine | 2–1050 | 0.62 | [36] |
GCE-PErGO-AuNP 4 | CV, DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 20–260 | 20 | [33] |
AuRGO/GCE 5 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum RR: 97.5–102% |
88–53 | 1.8 | [37] |
Au@Pd-RGO/GCE 6 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.1–102.5% |
0.02–500; 0.1–350 |
0.005; 0.02 |
[29] |
PEI/[P2W16V2-Au/PDDA-rGO]8 7 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NaCl, KCl, NH4Cl, L-Cys, L-Glu, CA, UR, G | Human urine RR: 95.2–103.1% |
0.25–1500 | 0.08 | [30] |
rGO-PAMAM-CNT-Au 8 | DPV | 4.0 | UA, AA, DA | - | 1–114 | 0.33 | [38] |
Naf/AuNPs/AzA/MWCNTs 9 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, G, citric acid, tartaric acid | Human urine RR: 99.7–103% |
0.5–50 | 0.28 | [34] |
ITO-rGO-AuNPs 10 | LSV | 8.0 | UA, AA, Cl, Na+, Ca2+ NH4+ | Human urine, milk | 10–500 | 3.6 | [39] |
EGFET-AuE 11 | - | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, bilirubin, hemoglobin | Human urine, serum | 1–1000 | 0.5 | [15] |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZIF-11/GCE 1 | DP-ASV | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, sodium benzoate, saccharine, XA, hypoxanthine, KCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4, CaCO3 | Human urine RR: 94.5–104.4% |
50–540 | 0.48 | [13] |
NgB/CPE 2 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 99.4–100.4% |
12.5–750 | 5 | [48] |
ErGO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE 3 | DPV | - | UA, DA | Human urine RR: 96.8–109% |
10–100 | 1.08 | [49] |
PMES/RGO/GCE 4 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, L-Cys, L-Lys, L-Tyr, G | Human urine RR: 103.35% |
0.1–100 | 0.056 | [50] |
NG/GCE 5 | DPV | 6.0 | UA, AA, DA | - | 0.1–20 | 0.045 | [51] |
MC/GCE 6 | CV, DPV | 1.0 | UA, AA, DA | Synthetic urine RR: 101% |
10–150 | 1.7 | [52] |
BDG-based electrode 7 | SWV | 2.25 | UA | Human urine RR: 95% RR: 95.2–103.1% |
8–1000 | 7.7 | [53] |
PMB-ERGO/GCE 8 | SWV | 3.0 | UA, XA | Human urine RR: 97.8% |
0.08–400 | 0.03 | [14] |
PEDOT-nf/PGE and Ox-PEDOT-nf/PGE 9 | CV | 2.0 | UA | Human urine, serum RR: 104–107% |
0.1–20 | 0.0013 | [41] |
MWNTs/MGF/GCE 10 | DPV | 7.3 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, G | - | 5–100; 300–10,000 | 0.93 | [9] |
GCE/tosyl-CNPsE 11 | CV | 2.0 | UA, AA | Human urine RR: 106% |
0.1–100 | 0.2 | [42] |
CTAB/GO/MWNTs/GCE 12 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NO2− | Human urine RR: 99–115% |
3–600 | 1 | [40] |
EGNWsE 13 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | - | 2.6–200 | 0.000033 | [54] |
GEF/CFE 14 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine, serum | 3.98–371 | 2 | [55] |
Trp-GR/GCE 15 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.3–99.9% Human serum RR: 92.6–98.7% |
10–1000 | 1.24 | [56] |
NH2-VMSF/ErGO/SPCE 16 | DPV | 5.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ | Human whole blood RR: 99.0–107.0% |
0.5–180 | 0.129 | [57] |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) | UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UOx/CNT/CMC 1 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, UR | Human urine, serum RR: 96.3% |
20–5000 | 2.8 | [46] |
RGO/AuNP hybrid film 2 | Amperometry | 7.6 | UA, AA, DA | - | - | 1 | [58] |
UOx-Th-SWNTs/GC 3 | - | - | UA, AA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-acetamidophenol | HEK 293A cells RR: 100.9–101.4% |
2–2000 | 0.5 | [59] |
UOx/PBG/CNT/CFE and UOx PTH/CNT/CFE 4 | Amperometry | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, citric acid, creatinine, NH4+, phenol, UR | Human urine RR: 95–105% |
2–100 | 0.6 | [44] |
UOx/rGO/ZnPc-NH2/GCE 5 | - | - | UA | Human urine RR: 92.5–97.6% |
0.5–100 | 0.15 | [43] |
MP/SWCNT/SPE 6 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 0.001–0.20 | 0.83 | [45] |
UOx/AuNP/c-MWCNT/Au 7 | CV | 7.5 | UA, AA, G, chol, UR, pyruvate, bilirubin, CuSO4, KCl, FAD, NaCl, ZnSO4, NADH, CaCl2, EDTA, NEM, riboflavin, MnCl2, FM | Human serum RR: 95–97% |
5–800 | 5 | [47] |
UOx- PANI-PB-PtE 8 | CV | 7.2 | UA, AA, UR, G | Human serum | 10–160 | 2.6 | [60] |
UOx-PANI-MWCNT/ITO 9 | CV, DPV | - | UA | Human serum | 10–1000 | 10 | [61] |
UOx/Nafion/ZnO-NFs/Au 10 | Amperometry | 7.4 | UA, AA, UR, G | - | 0.5–1500 | 0.5 | [62] |
Naf/UOx/Fc/GCE 11 | DPV, Amperometry | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA, UR, G, XA | Human serum RR: 95% |
0.5–50; 25–600 |
0.23 | [63] |