Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human urine | RR: 94.5–104.4% | 50–540 | 0.48 | [ | 13 | ] | [14] | |||||||||||
UOx/CNT/CMC | 1 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, UR | Human urine, serum RR: 96.3% |
20–5000 | 2.8 | [46] | [101] | |||||||||
NgB/CPE | 2 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 99.4–100.4% |
12.5–750 | 5 | |||||||||||
RGO/AuNP hybrid film | 2 | [ | 48 | ] | [ | 74 | ] | |||||||||||
Amperometry | 7.6 | UA, AA, DA | - | - | 1 | [ | 58] | [55] | ErGO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE | 3 | DPV | - | UA, DA | Human urine RR: 96.8–109% |
10–100 | 1.08 | [49] | |
UOx-Th-SWNTs/GC | 3 | [ | - | 76 | - | ] | ||||||||||||
UA, AA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-acetamidophenol | HEK 293A cells | RR: 100.9–101.4% | 2–2000 | 0.5 | [ | 59] | [96] | PMES/RGO/GCE | 4 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, L-Cys, L-Lys, L-Tyr, G | Human urine RR: 103.35% |
0.1–100 | 0.056 | [50] | [75] | |
UOx/PBG/CNT/CFE and UOx PTH/CNT/CFE | 4 | Amperometry | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, citric acid, creatinine, NH | 4+ | , phenol, UR | Human urine RR: 95–105% |
2–100 | 0.6 | [44] | [97 | |||||||
- | 25–85 | 0.47 | [ | 28 | ] | [ | 22] | |||||||||||
ZnO NWAs/GF/GCE | 10 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum | 0–40 | 0.001 | [19] | [24] |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO/AuNR/GCE | 1 | DPV | - | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Mg | 2+ | Human urine | 10–90 | 0.4 | [31] | [27] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
AuNPs@GO/PPy/CFP | 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 96.8–109% |
2–360 | 1.68 | [35] | [30] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
AuNPs-GO/Au-IDA | 3 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, E | Human urine | 2–1050 | 0.62 | [36] | [28] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
GCE-PErGO-AuNP | 4 | CV, DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 20–260 | 20 | [33] | [31] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
] | AuRGO/GCE | 5 | DPV | 7.0 | NG/GCE UA, AA, DA | 5 | Human serum | DPV | 6.0 | UA, AA, DA | - | 0.1–20 | 0.045 | |||||||||||||||||||||
UOx/rGO/ZnPc-NH | 2 | /GCE | 5 | - | - | [ | UA RR: 97.5–102% |
88–53 | 1.8 | [37] | [32] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Human urine | RR: 92.5–97.6% | 51 | ] | [ | 0.5–100 | 87] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.15 | [ | 43 | ] | Au@Pd-RGO/GCE | 6 | DPV | MC/GCE 7.0 | 6 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.1–102.5% |
0.02–500; 0.1–350 |
0.005; 0.02 |
[29] | [33] | ||||||||||||||||||||
CV, DPV | 1.0 | UA, AA, DA | Synthetic urine | RR: 101% |
10–150 | 1.7 | [52] | [88] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 103 | ] | 98 | ] | PEI/[P | 2 | W | 16 | V | 2 | -Au/PDDA-rGO] | 8 | 7 | BDG-based electrode DPV | 7 | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NaCl, KCl, NH | 4 | Cl, L-Cys, L-Glu, CA, UR, G | Human urine RR: 95.2–103.1% |
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UOx/AuNP/c-MWCNT/Au | 0.25–1500 | 0.08 | SWV | 7 | 2.25 | [ | CVUA | 7.5 | UA, AA, G, chol, UR, pyruvate, bilirubin, CuSO | 4 | , KCl, FAD, NaCl, ZnSO | 4 | , NADH, CaCl | 2 | , EDTA, NEM, riboflavin, MnCl | 2 | , FMHuman urine RR: 95% RR: 95.2–103.1% | 30 | Human serum8–1000 | 7.7 |
RR: 95–97% | [ | 5–800 | ] | [34] | |||||||||
53 | ] | [ | 5 | 89 | ] | rGO-PAMAM-CNT-Au | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 47 | ] | [ | 102 | ] | DPV | 4.0 | UA, AA, DA | - | 1–114 | 0.33 | PMB-ERGO/GCE | 8 | SWV | 3.0 | UA, XA | Human urine RR: 97.8% | [38] | ||||||||||||||||
UOx- PANI-PB-PtE | 8 | [ | 35 | CV | ] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.2 | UA, AA, UR, G | 0.08–400 | 0.03 | [ | 14 | ] | [15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Human serum | 10–160 | 2.6 | [ | 60 | ] | [ | 99] | Naf/AuNPs/AzA/MWCNTs | 9 | PEDOT-nf/PGE and Ox-PEDOT-nf/PGE DPV | 9 | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, Na | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | 2+ | , G, citric acid, tartaric acid | Human urine RR: 99.7–103% |
0.5–50 | 0.28 | CV | [34] | [36] | |||||||
2.0 | UA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx-PANI-MWCNT/ITO | 9 | CV, DPV | Human urine, serum | RR: 104–107% |
0.1–20 | 0.0013 | [41 | - | UA | Human serum | 10–1000 | ] | [90 | 10] | ||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 61 | ] | [ | 100 | ] | ITO-rGO-AuNPs | 10 | MWNTs/MGF/GCE | 10 | LSV | 8.0 | UA, AA, Cl, Na | + | , Ca | 2+ | NH | 4+ | DPV | 7.3 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, NaHuman urine, milk | 10–500 | 3.6 | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | 2+ | , G | [ | - | 39] | [65] |
5–100; 300–10,000 | 0.93 | [ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx/Nafion/ZnO-NFs/Au | 10 | Amperometry | 9 | ] | [ | 10 | ] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.4 | UA, AA, UR, G | GCE/tosyl-CNPsE | 11 | CV | 2.0 | UA, AA | Human urine RR: 106% |
0.1–100 | 0.2 | [42] | [91] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CTAB/GO/MWNTs/GCE | 12 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NO | 2− | Human urine RR: 99–115% |
- | 2.6–200 | 0.000033 | [54] | [93] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
GEF/CFE | 14 | DPV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MP/SWCNT/SPE | 6 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 0.001–0.20 | 0.83 | [45] | [ | - | 0.5–1500 | 0.5 | [62] | [104] | EGFET-AuE | 11 | - | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, bilirubin, hemoglobin | Human urine, serum | ||||||||||||||
Naf/UOx/Fc/GCE | 11 | DPV, Amperometry | 1–1000 | 0.5 | [ | 15 | 7.4 | ] | [16] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
UA, AA, DA, UR, G, XA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Human serum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
RR: 95% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.5–50; | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25–600 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.23 | [ | 63 | ] | [ | 23 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3–600 | 1 | [ | 40 | ] | [ | 92 | ] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EGNWsE | 13 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine, serum | 3.98–371 | 2 | [ | 55 | ] | [94] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Trp-GR/GCE | 15 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.3–99.9% Human serum RR: 92.6–98.7% |
10–1000 | 1.24 | [56] | [95] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
NH | 2 | -VMSF/ErGO/SPCE | 16 | DPV | 5.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Na | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | 2+ | Human whole blood RR: 99.0–107.0% |
0.5–180 | 0.129 | [57] | [86] | ||||||||||||||||
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GCE/MC–GO–Fe | 3 | O | 4 | 1 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, sucrose, L-Cys, citric acid, Fe | 2+ | , Cl | − | , Na | + | , NO | 3− | Human urine RR > 96% |
0.5–140 | 0.17 | [20] | [37] | |||||||||||||||
TiO | 2 | NPs/GCE | 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA | Human urine RR: 97–99.6% |
1–9 | 0.764 | [23] | [39] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
PdNPs/rGO/GCE | 3 | DPV | 7.2 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum RR: 96.6–108.5% |
0.3–1400 | 16.67 | [24] | [42] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
SnO | 2 | /chitosan/GCE | 4 | DPV | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.4% |
3–200 | 1 | [25] | [50] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
CuO/GCE | 5 | CV | 7.4 | UA, UR, lactic acid, ethanol, G, K | + | , Na | + | Human urine RR: 95–104% |
0.001–351,000 | 0.6 | [21] | [40] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
RuON-GCE | 6 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, E | Human urine RR: 98–101.6% |
3.0–56.6; 56.6–758.6 | 0.47 | [22] | [51] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
MoS | 2 | NSA/CNFs | 7 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, levodopa | Human urine RR: 99.7–102.6% |
1–60 | 1 | [26] | [52] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
CuO nano-rice/GCE | 8 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, fructose, galactose, lactose, Na | + | , Cl | − | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Br | − | , CO | 23− | , NH4 | + | , NO | 2− | , NO | 3− | , SO | 42− | , SO | 32− | Human urine RR: 98.6–102.6% |
1–60 | 1.2 | [27] | [53] | ||||
Fe | 3 | O | 4 | @CNT-N/GCE | 9 | SWV | 2.5 | UA, AA, DA |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ZIF-11/GCE | 1 | DP-ASV | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, sodium benzoate, saccharine, XA, hypoxanthine, KCl, Na | 2 | CO | 3 | , Na | 2 | SO | 4 | , CaCO | 3 |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) | UA Linear Range (μM) |
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