Uric acid is a metabolic product that results from degradation of purines in the liver. Usually, uric acid is identified from biological fluids, human serum and urine through conventional methods, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, membrane capillary electrophoresis and spectrophotometric methods, including uricase enzymatic reactions. Importantly, uric acid determination opens the possibility of early intervention in cases of hyperuricemia and preventing the degradation of renal function.
Ref. | |||||||||||||||
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RR: 94.5–104.4% | 50–540 | 0.48 | [ | 14 | ] | [13] | |||||||||
UOx/CNT/CMC | 1 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, UR | Human urine, serum RR: 96.3% |
20–5000 | 2.8 | [101] | [46] | ||||||
NgB/CPE | 2 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 99.4–100.4% |
12.5–750 | 5 | [74] | [48] | ||||||
RGO/AuNP hybrid film | 2 | Amperometry | 7.6 | UA, AA, DA | - | - | 1 | [55] | [58] | ErGO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE | 3 | DPV | - | UA, DA | |
UOx-Th-SWNTs/GC | 3 | Human urine | RR: 96.8–109% | 10–100 | 1.08 | - | [ | - | 76 | UA, AA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-acetamidophenol | HEK 293A cells RR: 100.9–101.4% | ] | [49] | ||
2–2000 | 0.5 | [ | 96 | ] | [ | 59 | ] | PMES/RGO/GCE | 4 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, L-Cys, L-Lys, L-Tyr, G | Human urine RR: 103.35% |
0.1–100 | 0.056 |
UOx/PBG/CNT/CFE and UOx PTH/CNT/CFE | 4 | [ | Amperometry | 75 | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, citric acid, creatinine, NH | 4+ | , phenol, UR | Human urine RR: 95–105% | ] | [50] | ||||
2–100 | 0.6 | [ | 97 | ] | [ | 44 | ] | NG/GCE | 5 | ||||||
25–85 | 0.47 | [ | 22 | ] | [ | 28 | ] | ||||||||
ZnO NWAs/GF/GCE | 10 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum | 0–40 | 0.001 | [24] | [19] |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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GO/AuNR/GCE | 1 | DPV | - | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Mg | 2+ | Human urine | 10–90 | 0.4 | [27] | [31] | |||||||||||||||||||||
AuNPs@GO/PPy/CFP | 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 96.8–109% |
2–360 | 1.68 | [30] | [35] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
AuNPs-GO/Au-IDA | 3 | CV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, E | Human urine | 2–1050 | 0.62 | [28] | [36] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
GCE-PErGO-AuNP | 4 | CV, DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 20–260 | 20 | [31] | [33] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
AuRGO/GCE | 5 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx/rGO/ZnPc-NH | 2 | DPV | /GCE 6.0 | 5 | - | -UA, AA, DAHuman serum RR: 97.5–102% |
88–53 | 1.8 | [ | - | 0.1–20 | 0.045 | UA | 32] | [37] | ||||||||||||||||
[ | 87 | ] | [ | 51 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Human urine | RR: 92.5–97.6% | 0.5–100 | 0.15 | [ | 103 | ] | [43] | Au@Pd-RGO/GCE | 6 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.1–102.5% |
0.02–500; 0.1–350 |
MC/GCE 0.005; 0.02 |
6[ | CV, DPV | 33] | [29] | ||||||||||||
1.0 | UA, AA, DA | Synthetic urine | RR: 101% | 10–150 | 1.7 | [88] | [52] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
MP/SWCNT/SPE | 6 | CV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine | 0.001–0.20 | 0.83 | [98] | [45] | PEI/[P | 2 | W | 16 | V | 2 | -Au/PDDA-rGO] | 8 | 7 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NaCl, KCl, NH | 4 | Cl, L-Cys, L-Glu, CA, UR, G | Human urine RR: 95.2–103.1% |
BDG-based electrode 0.25–1500 | 0.08 | 7[ | SWV | 34] | [30] | |
2.25 | UA | Human urine | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx/AuNP/c-MWCNT/Au | 7 | CV | 7.5 | UA, AA, G, chol, UR, pyruvate, bilirubin, CuSO | 4 | , KCl, FAD, NaCl, ZnSO | 4 | , NADH, CaCl | 2 | , EDTA, NEM, riboflavin, MnCl | 2 | , FM RR: 95% RR: 95.2–103.1% |
Human serum8–1000 | RR: 95–97%7.7 |
[89] | 5–800[53] | |||||||||||||||
5 | [ | 102 | ] | [ | 47 | ] | rGO-PAMAM-CNT-Au | 8 | DPV | 4.0 | UA, AA, DA | - | 1–114 | 0.33 | PMB-ERGO/GCE | 8 | SWV | 3.0 | [35 | UA, XA | Human urine RR: 97.8% | ] | [38 | 0.08–400] | |||||||
0.03 | [ | 15 | ] | [ | 14 | ] | Naf/AuNPs/AzA/MWCNTs | 9 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, Na | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | 2+ | , G, citric acid, tartaric acid | ||||||||||||
PEDOT-nf/PGE and Ox-PEDOT-nf/PGE | 9 | CV | 2.0 | UA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx- PANI-PB-PtE | 8 | CV | 7.2 | UA, AA, UR, G | Human serum | 10–160 | 2.6 | [99] | [60] | Human urine RR: 99.7–103% |
Human urine, serum 0.5–50 |
0.28 | RR: 104–107% | [ | 0.1–20 | 36] | [34] | ||||||||||||||
0.0013 | [ | 90 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UOx-PANI-MWCNT/ITO | 9 | CV, DPV | - | UA | Human serum | 10–1000 | ] | [41 | 10] | ITO-rGO-AuNPs | |||||||||||||||||||||
[ | 100 | ] | [ | 61 | ] | 10 | MWNTs/MGF/GCE LSV | 10 | 8.0 | UA, AA, Cl, Na | + | , Ca | 2+ | NH | 4+ | Human urine, milk | 10–500 | 3.6 | [65] | [39] | |||||||||||
UOx/Nafion/ZnO-NFs/Au | DPV | 7.3 | 10 | UA, AA, DA, Trp, Na | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | Amperometry | 2+ | , G | - | 5–100; 300–10,000 | 0.93 | [10] | [9] | |||||||||||||
7.4 | UA, AA, UR, G | - | 0.5–1500 | 0.5 | [ | 104 | ] | [62] | EGFET-AuE | 11 | - | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, bilirubin, hemoglobin | Human urine, serum | 1–1000 | 0.5 | [16] | [15] | |||||||||||||
GCE/tosyl-CNPsE | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
CV | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UA, AA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Human urine | RR: 106% | 0.1–100 | 0.2 | [ | 91 | ] | [42] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Naf/UOx/Fc/GCE | 11 | DPV, Amperometry | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA, UR, G, XA | Human serum RR: 95% |
0.5–50; 25–600 |
0.23 | [23] | [63] | CTAB/GO/MWNTs/GCE | 12 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, NO | 2− | Human urine RR: 99–115% |
3–600 | 1 | [92] | [40] | |||||||||||
EGNWsE | 13 | DPV | 7.4 | UA, AA, DA | - | 2.6–200 | 0.000033 | [93] | [54] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
GEF/CFE | 14 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine, serum | 3.98–371 | 2 | [94] | [55] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Trp-GR/GCE | 15 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.3–99.9% Human serum RR: 92.6–98.7% |
10–1000 | 1.24 | [95] | [56] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
NH | 2 | -VMSF/ErGO/SPCE | 16 | DPV | 5.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, UR, Na | + | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Mg | 2+ | Human whole blood RR: 99.0–107.0% |
0.5–180 | 0.129 | [86] | [57] | |||||||||||||
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
GCE/MC–GO–Fe | 3 | O | 4 | 1 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, sucrose, L-Cys, citric acid, Fe | 2+ | , Cl | − | , Na | + | , NO | 3− | Human urine RR > 96% |
0.5–140 | 0.17 | [37] | [20] | ||||||||||||
TiO | 2 | NPs/GCE | 2 | DPV | 7.0 | UA | Human urine RR: 97–99.6% |
1–9 | 0.764 | [39] | [23] | ||||||||||||||||||||
PdNPs/rGO/GCE | 3 | DPV | 7.2 | UA, AA, DA | Human serum RR: 96.6–108.5% |
0.3–1400 | 16.67 | [42] | [24] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
SnO | 2 | /chitosan/GCE | 4 | DPV | UA, AA, DA | Human urine RR: 97.4% |
3–200 | 1 | [50] | [25] | |||||||||||||||||||||
CuO/GCE | 5 | CV | 7.4 | UA, UR, lactic acid, ethanol, G, K | + | , Na | + | Human urine RR: 95–104% |
0.001–351,000 | 0.6 | [40] | [21] | |||||||||||||||||||
RuON-GCE | 6 | DPV | 7.0 | UA, E | Human urine RR: 98–101.6% |
3.0–56.6; 56.6–758.6 | 0.47 | [51] | [22] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
MoS | 2 | NSA/CNFs | 7 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, levodopa | Human urine RR: 99.7–102.6% |
1–60 | 1 | [52] | [26] | ||||||||||||||||||||
CuO nano-rice/GCE | 8 | CV, DPV | 7.0 | UA, AA, DA, G, fructose, galactose, lactose, Na | + | , Cl | − | , K | + | , Ca | 2+ | , Br | − | , CO | 23− | , NH4 | + | , NO | 2− | , NO | 3− | , SO | 42− | , SO | 32− | Human urine RR: 98.6–102.6% |
1–60 | 1.2 | [53] | [27] | |
Fe | 3 | O | 4 | @CNT-N/GCE | 9 | SWV | 2.5 | UA, AA, DA | - |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample; Relative Recovery (RR) |
UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) | Ref. | |||||||
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ZIF-11/GCE | 1 | DP-ASV | 7.0 | UA, AA, G, sodium benzoate, saccharine, XA, hypoxanthine, KCl, Na | 2 | CO | 3 | , Na | 2 | SO | 4 | , CaCO | 3 | Human urine |
Electrode | Technique | pH | Interference | Biological Sample. Relative Recovery (RR) | UA Linear Range (μM) | UA LOD (μM) |
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