You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Biological Activity of C60,70 Fullerenols
The simplest bioassay based on a bioluminescent system of coupled enzyme reactions was used to study toxic and antioxidant effects of a water-soluble fullerene derivative, fullerenol, with 10-12 oxygen groups (F10-12) at the enzymatic level. Toxic and antioxidant characteristics of F10-12 were compared to those of homologous fullerenols with a higher number of oxygen groups: F24-28 and F40-42. An active role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the bioeffects of F10-12 was demonstrated.
  • 542
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
N-Tailed Monomeric Proto-Type-like Galectin
Galectins are multi-purpose effectors acting via interactions with distinct counterreceptors based on protein-glycan/protein recognition. These processes are emerging to involve several regions on the protein so that the availability of a detailed structural characterization of a full-length galectin is essential.
  • 541
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Site-Search Process for Synaptic Protein-DNA Complexes
The assembly of synaptic protein-DNA complexes by specialized proteins is critical for bringing together two distant sites within a DNA molecule or bridging two DNA molecules. The assembly of such synaptosomes is needed in numerous genetic processes requiring the interactions of two or more sites. The molecular mechanisms by which proteins bring the sites together, enabling the assembly of synaptosomes, remain unknown. Such proteins can utilize sliding, jumping, and segmental transfer pathways for the single-site search process, but none of these pathways explains how the synaptosome assembles. Here we used restriction enzyme SfiI, that requires the assembly of synaptosome for DNA cleavage, as our experimental system and applied time-lapse high-speed AFM (HS-AFM) to directly visualize the site search process accomplished by the SfiI enzyme.
  • 526
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Optical Biosensors for COVID-19 and Other Viruses Diagnosis
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • 526
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
QED Coherence and Hormesis: Foundations of Quantum Biology
“Quantum biology” (QB) is a promising theoretical approach addressing questions about how living systems are able to unfold dynamics that cannot be solved on a chemical basis or seem to violate some fundamental laws (e.g., thermodynamic yield, morphogenesis, adaptation, autopoiesis, memory, teleology, biosemiotics). Current “quantum” approaches in biology are still very basic and “corpuscular”, as these rely on a semi-classical and approximated view. The important considerations of theory and experiments of the recent past in the field of condensed matter, water, physics of living systems, and biochemistry to join them by creating a consistent picture applicable for life sciences is summarized. Within quantum field theory (QFT), the field (also in the matter field) has the primacy whereby the particle, or “quantum”, is a derivative of it.
  • 520
  • 29 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Low-Dose Effects on Bacterial Cells
Mechanisms of low-dose responses of bacteria can be considered at the biochemical, chemical, and physico-chemical levels. 
  • 510
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Exploring Biomolecular Self-Assembly with Far-Infrared Radiation
Physical engineering technology using far-infrared radiation has been gathering attention in chemical, biological, and material research fields. In particular, the high-power radiation at the terahertz region can give remarkable effects on biological materials distinct from a simple thermal treatment. Self-assembly of biological molecules such as amyloid proteins and cellulose fiber plays various roles in medical and biomaterials fields. A common characteristic of those biomolecular aggregates is a sheet-like fibrous structure that is rigid and insoluble in water, and it is often hard to manipulate the stacking conformation without heating, organic solvents, or chemical reagents.
  • 508
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Functional Near-Infrared Spectrometry
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has emerged as a promising tool for understanding the human brain’s complex workings due to its ability to measure changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels, thus providing insights into neural activity and functional connectivity. fNIRS technology offers a novel approach to studying brain function, especially visual processing and perception. fNIRS offers unique advantages, such as portability, cost-effectiveness and safety, making it suitable for clinical and research applications. Additionally, the combination of fNIRS with emerging technologies like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and artificial intelligence (AI) opens new avenues for immersive investigations into brain function.
  • 499
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) mediate or modulate fast synaptic communication in the central and peripheral nervous systems making them vital for neurological processes ranging from memory and learning to nicotine addiction. 
  • 491
  • 23 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Optical Sensors in Mechanobiology
Optical sensors play a central role in the study of mechanobiology by enabling the accurate detection and measurement of mechanical forces and their effects on biological systems. Mechanobiology explores how mechanical forces influence cellular processes, tissue development, and overall physiological functions.
  • 485
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Protein Ser/Thr Phosphatase Folding
Post-translational modification (PTM) is a key mechanism providing the functional diversity of proteins in cellular signaling and physiology and changing the functions or stability of proteins. 
  • 478
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Modular Design in Triboelectric Sensors
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have garnered considerable interest as a promising technology for energy harvesting and stimulus sensing. While TENGs facilitate the generation of electricity from micro-motions, the modular design of TENG-based modular sensing systems (TMSs) also offers significant potential for powering biosensors and other medical devices, thus reducing dependence on external power sources and enabling biological processes to be monitored in real time. Moreover, TENGs can be customised and personalized to address individual patient needs while ensuring biocompatibility and safety, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and security of diagnosis and treatment. 
  • 477
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Physics of DNA Folding
Within cell nuclei, several biophysical processes occur in order to allow the correct activities of the genome such as transcription and gene regulation. To quantitatively investigate such processes, polymer physics models have been developed to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying genome functions. Among these, phase-separation plays a key role since it controls gene activity and shapes chromatin spatial structure. By considering more complex polymer models, it is possible to reproduce the folding of real genomic regions, having specific, intricate contact patterns as seen, e.g., in Hi-C or GAM experiments. To this aim, it is necessary to specialize the polymer model, i.e., the attractive interaction between the polymer and binding molecules, by introducing different types of the polymer sites, each interacting with their specific cognate binders.
  • 471
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Building Atomistic Models of Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers
The compositional asymmetry of biological membranes has attracted significant attention over the last decade. Harboring more differences from symmetric membranes than previously appreciated, asymmetric bilayers have proven quite challenging to study with familiar concepts and techniques, leaving many unanswered questions about the reach of the asymmetry effects. One particular area of active research is the computational investigation of composition- and number-asymmetric lipid bilayers with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.
  • 470
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Textile Electrodes for Wearable Biopotential Signal Monitoring
The technology of wearable medical equipment has advanced to the point where it is now possible to monitor the electrocardiogram and electromyogram comfortably at home. The transition from wet Ag/AgCl electrodes to various types of gel-free dry electrodes has made it possible to continuously and accurately monitor the biopotential signals. Fabrics or textiles, which were once meant to protect the human body, have undergone significant development and are now employed as intelligent textile materials for healthcare monitoring. The conductive textile electrodes provide the benefit of being breathable and comfortable.
  • 469
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effect of Fullerenes
The use of carbon nanomaterials including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-onions, carbon dots and carbon quantum dots for environmental applications has increased substantially. These nanoparticles are now used in the development of sensors and switches, in agriculture as smart fertilizers and in the biomedical realm for cancer therapy intervention, as antioxidants, in gene delivery and as theranostics.
  • 455
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenotransplant of CNS Neoplasms in Zebrafish
Glioblastoma and neuroblastoma are the most common central nervous system malignant tumors in adult and pediatric populations. Both are associated with poor survival. These tumors are highly heterogeneous, having complex interactions among different cells within the tumor and with the tumor microenvironment. One of the main challenges in the neuro-oncology field is achieving optimal conditions to evaluate a tumor’s molecular genotype and phenotype. In this respect, the zebrafish biological model is becoming an excellent alternative for studying carcinogenic processes and discovering new treatments. It is possible to maintain glioblastoma and neuroblastoma primary cell cultures and transplant the cells into zebrafish embryos. The zebrafish is a suitable biological model for understanding tumor progression and the effects of different treatments. This model offers new perspectives in providing personalized care and improving outcomes for patients living with central nervous system tumors.
  • 454
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Detection Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Its early and correct diagnosis is of particular importance to controlling and preventing the disease from spreading to other tissues. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) is recognised as the combination of conventional anatomical MRI and at least two functional magnet resonance sequences: diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), and, optionally, MR spectroscopy (MRS).
  • 448
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ClC-1 Chloride Channel Structure and Myotonia-Causing Mutations Update
Myotonia congenita is a hereditary muscle disease mainly characterized by muscle hyperexcitability, which leads to a sustained burst of discharges that correlates with the magnitude and duration of involuntary aftercontractions, muscle stiffness, and hypertrophy. Mutations in the chloride voltage-gated channel 1 (CLCN1) gene that encodes the skeletal muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) are responsible for this disease, which is commonly known as myotonic chloride channelopathy. The structure of the channel has been updated and the biophysical properties of the mutated channel have been explored and analyzed, providing important clues to the general function/dysfunction of the wild-type and mutated channels.
  • 440
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
RNA X-ray Crystallography
Approaches for crystallization of RNA and how they are used in practice.
  • 435
  • 07 Mar 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 11
Featured Entry Collections
>>
Neurodegeneration
Neurodegeneration
Entries: 489
COVID-19
COVID-19
Entries: 737
Gastrointestinal Disease
Gastrointestinal Disease
Entries: 389
Biopharmaceuticals Technology
Biopharmaceuticals Technology
Entries: 649

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030
<<2020-2029
201920202021202220232024202520262027202820292030