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Topic Review
Proteolysis-targeting Chimeras for Drug Targeted Protein Research
Proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) is a heterobifunctional molecule. Typically, PROTAC consists of two terminals which are the ligand of the protein of interest (POI) and the specific ligand of E3 ubiquitin ligase, respectively, via a suitable linker. PROTAC degradation of the target protein is performed through the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Activity of Selenium
Selenium is one of the eight necessary trace elements humans require for active health balance. It contributes in several ways to the proper functioning of selenoprotein. Selenium has received enormous interest due to its therapeutic potential against a number of ailments. Numerous chemical compounds containing selenium have been investigated for the therapy of cancer and other disorders. Unifying the selenium atom into chemical components (typically organic) greatly increased their bioactivities. Selenocysteine can substitute the effect of cysteine and shield healthy cells from the adverse effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS); in other ways, specific selenium compounds are classified as antioxidant agents that preserve the redox environment in healthy cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes for Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors are superior technologies that are used to detect or sense biologically and environmentally significant analytes in a laboratory environment, or even in the form of portable handheld or wearable electronics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Carbazoles Treatment for COVID-19 Infection
Several treatment approaches for COVID-19 were employed since the beginning of the pandemic, such as immunomodulatory, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial agents, and again corticosteroids, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and bradykinin B2 receptor antagonists, but many of them were proven ineffective in targeting the virus. So, the identification of drugs to be used effectively for treatment of COVID-19 is strongly needed. Carbazoles represent an interesting class of heterocycles known by their anticancer activity: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, antihistamine, antiviral. In addition, numerous carbazole derivatives have also been found to be useful for Alzheimer’s disease. 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Synthetic Hemorphin Analogs Containing Non-Natural Amino Acids
The endogenous hemorphins are bioactive peptides with activity on opioid receptors. Several research teams have synthesized, characterized, and pharmacologically evaluated synthetic hemorphin analogs containing unusual amino acids, D-amino acids, α-aminophosphonic acids, and their derivatives. Research focuses on the structure-activity relationship analysis, details on specific methods for their characterization, and the advantage of synthetic hemorphin analogs compared to endogenous peptides as potent biologically active compounds with a complex mechanism of action.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Flavonoid Hybrids Linked by 1,2,3-Triazole
Considering the biological activities of both flavonoids and 1,2,3-triazole ring, as well as the metabolic stability associated to this heterocyclic ring, hybridization of flavonoids with a 1,2,3-triazole ring has been widely reported over the last years. The most common way to obtain these hybrids is through the copper (I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), also known as Click Chemistry reaction. It was highlighted the flavonoid hybrids linked by the1,2,3-triazole ring obtained since 2017, including chalcones, flavones, flavanones and flavonols, among others, with antitumor, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifouling activities.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Propolis in Protecting the Skeleton
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are two major mechanisms leading to the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation rate, and subsequently, bone loss. Thus, functional foods and dietary compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory could protect skeletal health. This review aims to examine the current evidence on the skeletal protective effects of propolis, a resin produced by bees, known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Insights into the Pharmacological Effects of Flavonoids
Flavonoids are widely occurring secondary metabolites of plants. Currently, there is a trend of article numbers increasing, which focuses on the computer modeling of flavonoid interactions with biological targets. Such studies help to accumulatethe data on lead compounds that can find medicinal implementation, including COVID-19. Flavanonol taxifolin demonstrated wound-healing activity. Luteolin, apigenin, and wogonin, which can be classified as flavones, show induced neutrophil apoptosis and have potential as neutrophil apoptosis-inducing anti-inflammatory, proresolution agents.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Xylosma G. Forst. Genus
Xylosma G. Forst. is a genus of plants belonging to the Salicaceae family with intertropical distribution in America, Asia, and Oceania. Of the 100 accepted species, 22 are under some level of conservation risk. Around 13 species of the genus used as medicinal plants were found, mainly in Central and South America, with a variety of uses, among which antimicrobial is the most common.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Monomers Used in the Synthesis of Hydrogels
Natural bio-based monomers derived from plants or animals are widely used in the synthesis of hydrogels and their compounds for the production of biopolymers and biomaterials that are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and of high porosity, characteristics much sought after in the biomedical field.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Voltage Gated Ion Channels
Safety Pharmacology is one of the most dynamically developing disciplines, whose objective is to assess the potential risks of improperly conducted pharmacotherapy. Evaluation of a potential risks in the use of a given substance is vital for placing a new medicine on the market. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has issued a number of guidelines for drug safety testing [1, 2]. However, the continuous development of medicine demands the extension and refinement of the test panel that a new molecule must undergo before it can be released for use by patients. Toxic effects of compounds on the most important organs are among the most frequent reasons of elimination of substances from further tests. Additionally, safety tests are also performed for medicines already approved for use. Such trials are required, e.g., to register new indications for "old" drugs.  The above mentioned activities require a suitable identifications of the antitargets which are commonly defined as undesirable molecular targets that play an essential role in the proper functioning of cells. Down modulation of an antitarget results in clinically unacceptable side effects, initiation of disease, or deleterious alterations in disease progression. This results in shorter onset time of the disease, increased disease burden, poorer patient outcome, or decreased survival time.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Thiocoumarins
Thiocoumarins are a particular class of coumarins in which one or two of the oxygen atoms are replaced by a sulfur. They are chemically subdivided in three groups: Thiocoumarins, 2-thioxocoumarins, and dithiocoumarins.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Copper–Peptide Complexes
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in many biological and medical processes, ranging from neurodegenerative disorders and cancer to bacterial and viral diseases, and sometimes are of major commercial interest. They are important regulators of and secondary messengers in several cell-signaling pathways, including the reactive oxygen species-mediated death of different cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies Production Processes
Monoclonal Abs detect only one epitope, because they are produced from a family of genetically stable cells (cloned hybridoma); consequently, they have high specificity to the Ag than the polyclonal Abs that are less specific, because they are produced by different cell clones.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Unc-51-like Autophagy-Activating Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Autophagy is a cellular process that removes damaged components of cells and recycles them as biochemical building blocks. Autophagy can also be induced to protect cells in response to intra- and extracellular stresses, including damage to cellular components, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and pathogenic invasion. Dysregulation of autophagy has been attributed to various diseases. In particular, autophagy protects cancer cells by supporting tumor cell survival and the development of drug resistance. The ULK complex is an early-stage regulator of autophagy and attracted particular attention as a drug target. Among ULK isoforms, ULK1, ULK2, ULK3, ULK4, and serine/threonine-protein kinase 36 (STK36), ULK1 have been most extensively studied.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Antiviral Fullerene
Fullerenes were discovered in 1985. They are spherical or ellipsoidal in shape, with hollow cage structures. Fullerene C60, the representative fullerene, is ~0.7 nm in diameter. Three discoverers of fullerene C60 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996. With the continuous development of fullerene preparation technology, fullerenes have presented unprecedented opportunities in the field of biomedicine. For some common virus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), influenza, Ebola and so on, fullerene and their derivatives exhibit high levels of antiviral activity, inhibiting virus replication in vitro and in vivo. Unlike traditional small molecules, fullerene is a type of promising antiviral nanodrug. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Tetrahydrofuran Motif in Marine Lipids and Terpenes
Heterocycles are particularly common moieties within marine natural products. Specifically, tetrahydrofuranyl rings are present in a variety of compounds which present complex structures and interesting biological activities. Focusing on terpenoids, a high number of tetrahydrofuran-containing metabolites have been isolated. They show promising biological activities, making them potential leads for novel antibiotics, antikinetoplastid drugs, amoebicidal substances, or anticancer drugs. Thus, they have attracted the attention of the synthetics community and numerous approaches to their total syntheses have appeared.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inflammasome Regulation for IBD
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes formed to regulate the maturation of pro-inflammatory caspases, in response to intracellular or extracellular stimulants. Accumulating studies showed that the inflammasomes are implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although their activation is not a decisive factor for the development of IBD. Inflammasomes and related cytokines play an important role in the maintenance of gut immune homeostasis, while its overactivation might induce excess immune responses and consequently cause tissue damage in the gut. Emerging studies provide evidence that some genetic abnormalities might induce enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cause colitis. In these cases, the colonic inflammation can be ameliorated by blocking NLRP3 activation or its downstream cytokine IL-1β. A number of natural products were shown to play a role in preventing colon inflammation in various experimental colitis models. On the other hand, lack of inflammasome function also causes intestinal abnormalities.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Structural Changes of Hydroxylapatite during Plasma Spraying
Functional osseoconductive coatings based on hydroxylapatite (HAp) and applied preferentially by atmospheric plasma spraying to medical implant surfaces are a mainstay of modern implantology. During contact with the hot plasma jet, HAp particles melt incongruently and undergo complex dehydration and decomposition reactions that alter their phase composition and crystallographic symmetry, and thus, the physical and biological properties of the coatings. Surface analytical methods such as laser-Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies are useful tools to assess the structural changes of HAp imposed by heat treatment during their flight along the hot plasma jet. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Veratrum californicum Alkaloids as Hedgehog Pathway Antagonists
Veratrum californicum contains steroidal alkaloids that function as inhibitors of hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a pathway involved in the growth and differentiation of cells and normal tissue development. This same Hh pathway is abnormally active for cell proliferation in more than 20 types of cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2024
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