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Topic Review
Nanoliposomes and Tocosomes as Nanocarriers in Food Industry
Nanoscale lipid bilayers, or nanoliposomes, are generally spherical vesicles formed by the dispersion of phospholipid molecules in a water-based medium by energy input. Nanoliposomes and tocosomes are able to provide protection and release of sensitive food-grade bioactive materials in a sustained manner. They are being utilized for the encapsulation of different types of bioactive materials (such as drugs, vaccines, antimicrobials, antioxidants, minerals and preservatives), for the enrichment and fortification of different food and nutraceutical formulations and manufacturing of functional products.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
List of Life Zones by Region
The climate and ecology of different locations on the globe naturally separate into life zones, depending on elevation, location, and latitude. The generally strong dependency on elevation is known as altitudinal zonation: the average temperature of a location decreases as the elevation increases. The general effect of elevation depends on atmospheric physics. However, the specific climate and ecology of any particular location depends on specific features of that location. This article provides a list of life zones by region, in order to illustrate the features of life zones for regions around the globe.
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sixth Term Examination Paper
Sixth Term Examination Papers in Mathematics, often referred to as STEP, are university admissions tests for undergraduate Mathematics courses developed by the University of Cambridge. STEP papers are typically taken post-interview, as part of a conditional offer of an undergraduate place. There are also a number of candidates who sit STEP papers as a challenge. The papers are designed to test ability to answer questions similar in style to undergraduate Mathematics. There are two official users of STEP Mathematics: the University of Cambridge and the University of Warwick. Candidates applying to study Mathematics or Computer Science with Mathematics at the University of Cambridge are required to take STEP papers as part of the terms of their conditional offer. In addition, other courses at Cambridge University with a large mathematics component, such as engineering occasionally require STEP. Candidates applying to study Mathematics or closely-related subjects at the University of Warwick can take step as part of their offer. A typical STEP offer for a candidate applying to read Mathematics at the University of Cambridge would be at least a grade 1 in both STEP2 and STEP 3. From 2019 some colleges may (depending on the individual applicant's circumstances) require a grade 1 in either STEP 1 or 2 , (or in both). Candidates applying to the University of Warwick to read Mathematics, or closely related subjects, can use a grade 1 from any STEP paper as part of their offer.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Temple of the Five Immortals (Shiyan)
The Temple of the Five Immortals or Five Immortals Temple (Chinese: 五仙庙, p Wuxianmiao) is a Daoist temple located in Shiyan's Zhangwan District in China 's Hubei Province. The temple is situated on the Heavenly Horse (天马, Tianma) peak of White Horse Mountain (白马山, Báimǎ shān) in the Wudang Mountains. The Wudang Mountains are home to a famous complex of Taoist temples and the monasteries and associated with the god Xuan Wu. The Temple of the Five Immortals is one of the very few temples in the Wudang mountain range which is still maintained by real Daoist monks who dedicate their life to explore the great Dao. Wudang was named a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1994.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Document Interface
A multiple document interface (MDI) is a graphical user interface in which multiple windows reside under a single parent window. Such systems often allow child windows to embed other windows inside them as well, creating complex nested hierarchies. This contrasts with single document interfaces (SDI) where all windows are independent of each other.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hyperuricemia and the Kidneys
Uric acid is the end-product of purine metabolism in humans and apes, unlike other mammals which have uricase. This genetic evolution has led humans to exhibit plasma uric acid levels that are 3–10 times higher than those of other mammals. The association of hyperuricemia with increased cardiovascular risk may partly be explained by the activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). When mild hyperuricemia was induced in rats by providing oxonic acid in the diet, blood pressure was elevated, and juxtaglomerular renin expression increased. Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were also elevated in rats with hyperuricemia, but these associations were unclear in adults with essential hypertension. Intrarenal RAS activity may be affected by hyperuricemia in humans.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacodynamics of the Main Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive peptides (BPs) are a heterogeneous class of molecules found in a wide range of plant and animal sources. The first bioactive peptide was identified circa 1900 by Mellander, who isolated BPs from casein and demonstrated its ability to improve bone calcification in rachitic children. BPs can be defined as peptides between 2 and 20 amino acids able to modulate physiological functions. In general, BP consist of an inactive precursor molecule that becomes active after release of the active site by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract, thus allowing BP to be absorbed through specific peptide transporters. Thus, BP can be classified into exogenous and endogenous molecules, obtained via gastrointestinal digestion or artificially, respectively.
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Ecosystem Services Provided by Seaweeds
The ecosystem services can be divided using two major classification systems, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) and the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES). In the MEA system, the ecosystem services are divided into four major service clusters: supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural. On the other hand, the CICES system regards the “MEA supporting services” as organism natural function (and not an ecosystem service). Thus, this function is the basis for all the three CICES ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, and cultural) provided by one organism. These ecosystem services can be analyzed for the type of habitat, fauna or flora. Seaweeds, or marine macroalgae, are one of the key organisms in estuarine and seawater habitats ecosystems, which currently is of extreme importance due to the climate changes and the blue–green economy. Seaweeds and humankind have been interlinked from the beginning, mainly as a food source, fibers, biochemicals, natural medicine, ornamental resources, art inspiration, and esthetic values in several coastal communities. Moreover, currently they are being studied as green carbon, carbon sequestration, and as a possible source for the biomedical and pharmaceutical areas. 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Laser Polishing in Additively Manufactured Metals Post Processing
The poor surface roughness associated with additively manufactured parts can influence the surface integrity and geometric tolerances of produced components. In response to this issue, laser polishing (LP) has emerged as a potential technique for improving the surface finish and producing parts with enhanced properties. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of LP on parts produced using additive manufacturing. The results showed that applying such a unique treatment can significantly enhance the overall performance of the part. In LP processes, the surface of the part is re-melted by the laser, resulting in smaller peaks and shallower valleys, which enable the development of smoother surfaces with the help of gravity and surface tension. Precise selection of laser parameters is essential to achieve optimal enhancement in the surface finish, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the treated parts.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Orodispersible Films
Orodispersible films (ODFs) are thin, mechanically strong, and flexible polymeric films that are designed to dissolve or disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity for local and/or systemic drug delivery.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Benefit Corporations and B Corps
Benefit Corporations and B Corps represent alternative models of enterprise, often referred to as hybrid companies that bridge the for-profit and not-for-profit models. In particular, such firms need to manage their dual mission, integrate social and environmental goals in their business model, and incorporate accountability mechanisms, all while scaling up and garnering the necessary resources to be economically competitive.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
JNKs in Development of Disease
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) have emerged as suitable therapeutic strategies. In fact, it has been demonstrated that some unspecific JNK inhibitors exert antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects, albeit they usually show high toxicity or lack therapeutic value. In this sense, natural specific JNK inhibitors, such as Licochalcone A, are promising candidates. Nonetheless, research on the understanding of the role of each of the JNKs remains mandatory in order to progress on the identification of new selective JNK isoform inhibitors. In the present review, a summary on the current gathered data on the role of JNKs in pathology is presented, as well as a discussion on their potential role in pathologies like epilepsy and metabolic-cognitive injury. Moreover, data on the effects of synthetic small molecule inhibitors that modulate JNK-dependent pathways in the brain and peripheral tissues is reviewed.
  • 1.5K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) have shown promising potential as delivery vehicles and cellular markers for theranostic applications. Their high biocompatibility, superparamagnetic properties and exceptional surface-coating versatility have facilitated the development of IONs that adequately interact with biological environments. The strategical modification of ION architectures towards performing highly specialized functions has allowed the rational design of next-generation nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Fusion Imaging (CT/MRI–CEUS) in Oncology
Fusion imaging depicts an innovative technique by which previously performed computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging can be integrated and reconstructed with advanced contrast-enhanced ultrasound using modern ultrasound devices in a real-time manner. Fusion imaging allows for complementing strengths and reducing restrictions of the combined imaging modalities. The visualization of parenchymal and tumoral microperfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be dynamically fused and assessed with images from previous cross-sectional studies and may help to decipher underlying entities of indeterminate lesions or validate suspicious morphology. The findings from our study demonstrate the benefits of fusion imaging for evaluating focal hepatic and renal lesions. The excellent safety profile, accessibility, repeatability and cost-effectiveness are advantages of fusion imaging which make it a powerful diagnostic tool for the modern radiologist. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nosocomial Infections
Nosocomial infections (NIs) pose an increasing threat to public health. The majority of NIs are bacterial, fungal, and viral infections; however, parasites also play a considerable role in NIs, particularly in our increasingly complex healthcare environment with a growing proportion of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, parasitic infections acquired via blood transfusion or organ transplantation are more likely to have severe or fatal disease outcomes compared with the normal route of infection. Many of these infections are preventable and most are treatable, but as the awareness for parasitic NIs is low, diagnosis and treatment are often delayed, resulting not only in higher health care costs but, importantly, also in prolonged courses of disease for the patients.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Boron Nitride QDs
Boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) have gained increasing attention for their versatile fluorescent, optoelectronic, chemical, and biochemical properties. 
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant
The primary objectives of modern agriculture includes the environmental sustainability, low production costs, improved plants’ resilience to various biotic and abiotic stresses, and high sowing seed value. Delayed and inconsistent field emergence poses a significant threat in the production of agri-crop, especially during drought and adverse weather conditions. To open new routes of nutrients’ acquisition and revolutionizing the adapted solutions, stewardship planswill be needed to address these questions.One approach is the identification of plant based bioactive molecules capable of altering plant metabolism pathways which may enhance plant performance in a brief period of time and in a cost-effective manner.A biostimulant is a plant material, microorganism, or any other organic compound that not only improves the nutritional aspects, vitality, general health but also enhances the seed qualityperformance.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Chemical Chaperones
Chemical chaperones are well known as inhibitors of protein and peptide self-assembly, as well as structural stabilizers of misfolded enzymes. We discovered that chemical chaperones inhibit adenine self-assembly both in a yeast model and in vitro. According to our study, chemical chaperones might have a dual function as enhancers of enzyme stability and as inhibitors of toxic metabolite self-assembly. This novel approach could be implemented for the rational design of inhibitors that target metabolite self-assembly as therapeutics for inborn errors of metabolism.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Fluoride Neurotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Current animal and human research suggest that prenatal and perinatal fluoride exposure might have neurotoxic effects. Physical changes associated with fluoride exposure include fur loss and delayed reflex development in animals, intelligence loss, increased hyperactivity, and irregular moods.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness and Sarcopenia
Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) brings about skeletal muscle wasting due to critical illness and has important clinical implications, significantly impacting rehabilitation, and increasing both morbidity and mortality. ICUAW is sometimes referred to as critical illness polyneuromyopathy—being called critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) when nerve involvement predominates, or critical illness myopathy (CIM) where muscle involvement is crucial. It manifests as muscle weakness that develops rapidly, prior to any detectable muscle wasting. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Aug 2022
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