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Topic Review
Chemotherapy Resistance
Multidrug resistance is a major factor contributing to the failure of cancer therapy and poor patient outcomes. While apoptosis (apoptotic cell death) is the desired outcome of anti-cancer therapy, chemotherapy and radiation often induce a number of mechanisms that can mediate resistance. p53 is an essential tumor suppressor and stress response protein, modulating multiple cellular responses to therapy. Gain of function (GOF) p53 mutations have been implicated in increased susceptibility to the development of drug resistance, by compromising wild type anti-tumor functions of p53 or modulating key p53 processes that confer chemotherapy resistance, such as autophagy. Autophagy, a conventionally cytoprotective mechanism, is often a “first responder” to chemotherapy (or radiation), by promoting the removal of damaged organelles and preventing excessive accumulation of damaged proteins; thus, autophagy, via its cytoprotectivefunction, may allow tumor cells to evade apoptotic cell death. However, substantial pre-clinical data and inconsistent clinical efficacy of autophagy inhibitors in combination with cancer chemotherapy indicates that autophagy can exhibit multiple functions and does not act solely as a cytoprotective response. Further inquiry relating to the influence of p53 status on autophagic function and its contributions to multidrug resistance will provide valuable insights towards patient response to therapy and the possibility of developing novel therapeutics for chemosensitization in the face of multidrug resistance. 
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Capsicum annuum L.
Capsicum annuum L. is a significant horticulture crop known for its pungent varieties and used as a spice. The pungent character in the plant, known as capsaicinoid, has been discovered to have various health benefits. However, its production has been affected due to various exogenous stresses, including diseases caused by a soil-borne pathogen, Pythium spp. Predominantly affecting the Capsicum plant in younger stages and causing damping-off, this pathogen can incite root rot in later plant growth stages. Due to the involvement of multiple Pythium spp. and their capability to disperse through various routes, their detection and diagnosis have become crucial. However, the quest for a point-of-care technology is still far from over. The use of an integrated approach with cultural and biological techniques for the management of Pythium spp. can be the best and most sustainable alternative to the traditionally used and hazardous chemical approach. The lack of race-specific resistance genes against Pythium spp. can be compensated with the candidate quantitative trait loci (QTL) genes in C. annuum L.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pedagogical Model in Physical Education
The characteristics and objectives of the Attitudinal Style as a pedagogical model are established.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutics: Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its prevalence is increasing due to the aging of societies. Atherosclerosis, a type of chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in arteries, is considered to be the main cause of cardiovascular diseases such as ischemic heart disease or stroke. In addition, the inflammatory response caused by atherosclerosis confers a significant effect on chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and rheumatic arthritis.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Genome Editing Tools
Genome-editing (GE) is having a tremendous influence around the globe in the life science community. Among its versatile uses, the desired modifications of genes, and more importantly the transgene (DNA)-free approach to develop genetically modified organism (GMO), are of special interest. The recent and rapid developments in genome-editing technology have given rise to hopes to achieve global food security in a sustainable manner. 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Non-Thermal Technologies in Food Processing
Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of bioactive compounds and micronutrients. Some of the most abundant are phenols and carotenoids, whose consumption contributes to preventing the occurrence of degenerative diseases. Recent research has shown the potential of non-thermal processing technologies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), ultrasounds (US), and high pressure processing (HPP), to trigger the accumulation of bioactive compounds through the induction of a plant stress response. Furthermore, these technologies together with high pressure homogenization (HPH) also cause microstructural changes in both vegetable tissues and plant-based beverages. These modifications could enhance carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals extractability, and/or bioaccessibility, which is essential to exert their positive effects on health. Nevertheless, information explaining bioaccessibility changes after non-thermal technologies is limited. Therefore, further research on food processing strategies using non-thermal technologies offers prospects to develop plant-based products with enhanced bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds and micronutrients. In this entry, we attempt to provide updated information regarding the main effects of PEF, HPP, HPH, and US on health-related compounds bioaccessibility from different vegetable matrices and the causes underlying these changes. Additionally, we propose future research on the relationship between the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and micronutrients, matrix structure, and non-thermal processing. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Immune Thrombocytopenia in Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is frequently associated with thrombocytopenia, in most cases mild and in the absence of major bleedings. In some patients with a confirmed APS diagnosis, secondary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) may lead to severe thrombocytopenia with consequent major bleeding. At the same time, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in patients with a diagnosis of primary ITP has been reported in several studies, although with some specific characteristics especially related to the variety of antigenic targets. 
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Torreya grandis
Torreya grandis (T. grandis) is an old relict species within the family of Taxaceae that is endemic in China, often referred to as Chinese Torreya. It has been one of the most economically important tree species in the subtropical region of China.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Gender Differences in Cannabis Use
Gender differences in psychiatric disorders and drug use are well known. Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug among young people. In recent years, its use has been related to the development of psychiatric pathologies; however, few studies have incorporated the gender perspective as of yet. Men have a higher prevalence using cannabis; however, women show a faster transition from recreational use to compulsive use, higher levels of craving with more relapses, and higher prevalence of dual pathology. Clinical studies clearly show the existence of gender differences in psychiatric symptoms associated with cannabis use. Although these results are not conclusive, they seem to indicate a higher vulnerability of women in the development of psychosis and anxiety, while men seem to be more vulnerable to developing depressive symptoms with long-term cannabis misuses. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Groundwater Temperature Measurements
Groundwater temperature (GWT) can be influenced by anthropogenic factors such as surface sealing or geothermal use. These thermal influences can lead to geochemical changes in groundwater, which can affect groundwater quality. Therefore, it is important to measure and monitor GWT. For this purpose, screened monitoring wells (MWs) are usually used. However, temperature measurements can be disturbed by vertical currents within MWs as a result of convection.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twins and Federated Learning
As a result of the advancement in the fourth industrial revolution and communication technology, the use of digital twins (DT) and federated learning (FL) in the industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and the Internet of Drones (IoD) is increasing. DT provides a virtual simulation of the networks, whereas FL involves collaborative learning and enhances the privacy and security of the network. The application of DT and FL has been proven to be efficient in increasing the performance of the IIoT, IoV, and IoD.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
40M Turán
The Turán was a Hungarian medium tank of World War II. It was inspired and used the technology-based solutions found on the design of the Czechoslovak Škoda T-21 medium tank prototype, it was produced in two main variants: the 40M Turán (or Turán I) with a 40 mm gun and the 41M Turán (or Turán II) with a 75 mm gun. A total of 424 were made. A prototype variant, the 43M Turán (or Turán III) was also turned out but did not go into production. Prototypes were manufactured, but work on the project stopped in 1944 when the mass-producing terminated in the country.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Biography
Elmer William Engstrom
Elmer William Engstrom (August 25, 1901 – October 30, 1984) was an American electrical engineer and corporate executive prominent for his role in the development of television. Engstrom was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1901 as son of Emil Engstrom, a power plant engineer, and Anna (Nelson) Engstrom. After attending the Mechanical Arte High School in Saint Paul, Minnesota, he obtained
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Biography
Hervé Ryssen
Hervé Ryssen (Real name :Hervé Lalin, Born: April 10, 1967) is a French writer, militant nationalist, holocaust denier and antisemite. He is close to the circles of extreme right. He considers himself racist, anti-jewish and anti-semite,[1] his publications and videos resulted in numerous complaints and court orders, which resulted in him being jailed for 17 month in September 2020.[2][3] R
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Biography
Clarence Irving Lewis
Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964), usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher and the founder of conceptual pragmatism.[1] First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics. The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philoso
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Snap-Off during Imbibition in Porous Media
The phenomenon of snap-off during imbibition in porous media, a fundamental two-phase fluid flow phenomenon, plays a crucial role in both crude oil production and carbon dioxide (CO2) utilization and storage. In porous media where two phases coexist, the instability of the phase interface may give rise to various displacement phenomena, including pore–body filling, piston-like displacement, and snap-off. Snap-off, characterized by the generation of discrete liquid droplets or gas bubbles, assumes paramount significance. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Packaging Type and Wine
This is a mini-review that looks at how different types of packaging can impact the sensory characteristics of wine. This mini-review compared  glass bottles, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Bag-in-box (BIB), aluminum cans, and Terta Pak. Some of the most common packaging types used by the wine industry at the moment. This mini-review looked at the history of wine packaging, the impact packaging type has on the flavor profile of wine, and consumers attitudes towards the different types of packaging. While glass is still the dominate packaging material within the wine industry and by consumer demand however, economic and environmental concerns are driving the industry and consumers to investigate and adopt alternative packaging materials.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a medium-sized, omnivorous mammal native to North America. Recognizable by its characteristic black facial mask and ringed tail, it belongs to the family Procyonidae. Raccoons exhibit notable adaptability and intelligence, allowing them to thrive in a wide range of environments, from forests to urban areas. They are primarily nocturnal and possess dexterous forepaws, which aid in manipulating objects and food.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Cyberphysical Systems
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) merge the physical and cyber world to support critical functions and services. Cyber-security and safety are interdependent in such systems and therefore their study should be performed jointly. Various approaches have been proposed for cyber-security and safety co-engineering. In this entry, the key results of a comprehensive survey of such co-engineering approaches, along with various aspects of the problem that have not been sufficiently addressed in these methods, are presented. 
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanobioconjugates for signal amplification
Amplification of signals from devices as a result of their interaction with a target analyte is of paramount importance. It may impact on the sensitivity and detection limits of the device. This review provides some examples of nanobioconjugates (biomolecules conjugated with nanomaterials), current challenges and future perspectives for the amplification of signals in electrochemical biosensing based on nanobioconjugates.  
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Aug 2020
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