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Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Technologies in Yeasts
CRISPR, a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of bacteria and archaea. Compared with traditional genetic engineering methods and other gene-editing alternatives, CRISPR/Cas9 is described as efficient, easy-to-use, and able to target multiple sites, besides being “nature-made,” as bacteria have been using it for millions of years. CRISPR is being tested in vineyards and wineries to target some of wine’s biggest challenges. Therefore, CRISPR opens brand new doors for winemakers using commercial yeasts when it comes to efficiently produce target flavors and reducing harmful compounds and off-odors.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Ageritin from Pioppino Mushroom
Ageritin is a specific ribonuclease, extracted from the edible mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita (synonym Agrocybe aegerita), which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond located within the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop (SRL) of 23–28S rRNAs.This toxin is the prototype of ribotoxin-like protein family present in edible mushroom and possesses antifungal/antiviral activities and selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells with potential use in biotechnological applications (as bio-insecticides or antitumor agents).
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron-Homeostasis
Despite its abundance in the environment, iron is poorly bioavailable and subject to strict conservation and internal recycling by most organisms. In vertebrates, the stability of iron concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid, and the total body iron content are maintained by the interaction of the iron-regulatory peptide hormone hepcidin with its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin (SLC40a1). Ferroportin exports iron from duodenal enterocytes that absorb dietary iron, from iron-recycling macrophages in the spleen and the liver, and from iron-storing hepatocytes. Hepcidin blocks iron export through ferroportin, causing hypoferremia. During iron deficiency or after hemorrhage, hepcidin decreases to allow iron delivery to plasma through ferroportin, thus promoting compensatory erythropoiesis. As a host defense mediator, hepcidin increases in response to infection and inflammation, blocking iron delivery through ferroportin to blood plasma, thus limiting iron availability to invading microbes. Genetic diseases that decrease hepcidin synthesis or disrupt hepcidin binding to ferroportin cause the iron overload disorder hereditary hemochromatosis.
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Mitotane Action in Adrenocortical Cancer
Mitotane is the only approved drug for the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma and is increasingly used for postoperative adjuvant therapy. Mitotane action involves the deregulation of cytochromes P450 enzymes, depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and accumulation of free cholesterol, leading to cell death. 
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biological Synthesis of Nanocatalysts
Many well-established methods are extensively utilized for the synthesis of nanocatalysts. However, most conventional physical and chemical methods have some drawbacks, such as the toxicity of precursor materials, the requirement of high-temperature environments, and the high cost of synthesis, which ultimately hinder their fruitful applications in various fields. Bioinspired synthesis is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and requires a low energy/temperature ambient. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae are used as nano-factories and can provide a novel method for the synthesis of different types of nanocatalysts. The synthesized nanocatalysts can be further utilized in various applications such as the removal of heavy metals, treatment of industrial effluents, fabrication of materials with unique properties, biomedical, and biosensors.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Occurrence of Triclosan in the Water Environment
Triclosan (TCS), a kind of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), is widely used and has had a large production over years. It is an emerging pollutant in the water environment that has attracted global attention due to its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic ecosystems, and its concentrations in the water environment are expected to increase since the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Biography
Jörg Dräger
Jörg Dräger (born 1 January 1968 in Darmstadt) is a German physicist, politician and manager.[1][2] From 2001 to 2008 he served as a senator in the Hamburg state government.[3] Since 2008 he has been a member of the Bertelsmann Stiftung Executive Board where he is responsible for the areas of education and integration.[4][5] He is considered a leading education expert[6][7] and is the author o
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Gabriele Veneziano
Gabriele Veneziano (born 7 September 1942)[1] is an Italian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of string theory.[2][3] He has conducted most of his scientific activities at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland, and held the Chair of Elementary Particles, Gravitation and Cosmology at the Collège de France in Paris from 2004 to 2013.[2] Gabriele Veneziano was born in Florence. In 1965, he ea
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Completion (Algebra)
In abstract algebra, a completion is any of several related functors on rings and modules that result in complete topological rings and modules. Completion is similar to localization, and together they are among the most basic tools in analysing commutative rings. Complete commutative rings have a simpler structure than general ones, and Hensel's lemma applies to them. In algebraic geometry, a completion of a ring of functions R on a space X concentrates on a formal neighborhood of a point of X: heuristically, this is a neighborhood so small that all Taylor series centered at the point are convergent. An algebraic completion is constructed in a manner analogous to completion of a metric space with Cauchy sequences, and agrees with it in case R has a metric given by a non-Archimedean absolute value.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Essential Oils and the Oral Microbiome
The extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of drug-resistant bacteria, leading to a decline in the efficacy of traditional antibiotic treatments. Essential oils (EOs) are phytopharmaceuticals, or plant-derived compounds, that possess beneficial properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral, bacteriostatic, and bactericidal effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
RET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Rearranged during transfection (RET) is the tyrosine kinase receptor that under normal circumstances binds ligand at the cell surface and mediates various essential roles in a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, and metabolism. RET plays a pivotal role in the development of both peripheral and central nervous systems. RET is expressed from early stages of embryogenesis and remains expressed throughout all life stages. Mutations either activating or inhibiting RET result in several aggressive diseases, namely cancer and Hirschsprung disease. However, the physiological ligand-dependent activation of RET receptor is important for the survival and maintenance of several neuronal populations, appetite, and weight gain control, thus providing an opportunity for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics against neurodegeneration and obesity. In this review, we describe the structure of RET, its signaling, and its role in both normal development as well as in developmental disorders. We highlight the differences in the signaling and outcomes of constitutive and ligand-induced RET activation. Finally, we review the data on recently developed small molecular weight RET agonists and their potential for the treatment of various diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Polyester Fibrous Panels
Nowadays, polyester fibrous materials are becoming one of the most important alternatives for controlling reverberation time by absorbing unwanted sound energy in the automobile and construction fields. The polyester nonwoven structure used in noise reduction is normally in the form of panel.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Transfer Learning
Transfer learning refers to machine learning techniques that focus on acquiring knowledge from related tasks/domains to improve generalization in the tasks/domains of interest.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Flecainide in Ventricular Arrhythmias
Flecainide is an IC antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) that received in 1984 Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and subsequently for rhythm control of atrial fibrillation (AF). Currently, flecainide is mainly employed for sinus rhythm maintenance in AF and the treatment of idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (IVA) in absence of ischaemic and structural heart disease on the basis of CAST data. Recent studies enrolling patients with different structural heart diseases demonstrated good effectiveness and safety profile of flecainide.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biotechnological Importance of Torulaspora delbrueckii
Torulaspora delbrueckii has attracted interest in recent years, especially due to its biotechnological potential, arising from its flavor- and aroma-enhancing properties when used in wine, beer or bread dough fermentation, as well as from its remarkable resistance to osmotic and freezing stresses.    
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Expanding Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Applications
Some of the vital limitations to the broader use of these biopolymers are that they are less flexible and have less impact resistance when compared to petroleum-based plastics (e.g., polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polystyrene (PS)). Recent advances have shown that with appropriate modification methods—plasticizers and fillers, polymer blends and nanocomposites, such limitations of both polymers can be overcome. This work is meant to widen the applicability of both polymers by reviewing the available materials on these methods and their impacts with a focus on the mechanical properties. 
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Encapsulation Systems for Antimicrobial Food Packaging Components
Encapsulation is defined as the process to entrap one substance (active agent) within another substance, yielding small particles that release their contents at controlled rates over prolonged periods of time and under specific conditions. Antimicrobial active packaging has emerged as an effective technology to reduce microbial growth in food products increasing both their shelf-life and microbial safety for the consumer while maintaining their quality and sensorial properties. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood
Middle childhood represents for the child and his family a period of important changes that occur on several levels. At the individual level, we witness the maturational evolution of a child’s cognitive and emotional processes parallel to pubertal growth. These processes also include significant development of the child’s mentalization and social cognition skills. Concurrently, at a social level, there is an expansion of the relevance that the extra-familiar context assumes for child development. Relationships with peers, primarily grounded within the school context, become a significant source of exploration and enhancement of social–emotional competencies. Although such important changes make this stage of child’s life of great interest, studies related to attachment theory that have addressed middle childhood are relatively lacking. Furthermore, although there has been an increase in research in recent years, several gaps related to the study of parental mentalizing, the father’s role, and the link between parenting variables and a child’s psychological and psychopathological outcomes still remain.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Renal Inflammation
Renal inflammation is an initial pathological process during progressive renal injury regardless of the initial cause. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a truly proinflammatory stress mediator that is highly expressed in a variety of both inflammatory cells and intrinsic kidney cells. MIF is released from the diseased kidney immediately upon stimulation to trigger renal inflammation by activating macrophages and T cells, and promoting the production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and stress molecules via signaling pathways involving the CD74/CD44 and chemokine receptors CXCR2, CXCR4, and CXCR7 signaling. In addition, MIF can function as a stress molecule to counter-regulate the immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoid in renal inflammation. Given the critical position of MIF in the upstream inflammatory cascade, the regulatory role and molecular mechanisms of MIF in kidney diseases will be focused on.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Community Source
Community Source is a type of software development used in colleges and universities that builds on the practices of Free Software communities. The software of these collective efforts are distributed via an approved Free Software Foundation licence. Examples include the Sakai Project, Kuali, and Open Source Portfolio. Copyright for the software is often held by an independent foundation (organized as a 501c3 corporation in the United States ) modeled on the contributor agreements, licensing, and distribution practices of the Apache Foundation.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
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