Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Simone Charpentier Mora
 -- 1634 2022-05-27 12:56:35 |
2 format correct
Catherine Yang
 -130 word(s) 1504 2022-05-30 04:02:59 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Charpentier Mora, S.; , .; Tironi, M.; Bizzi, F. Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23494 (accessed on 21 December 2024).
Charpentier Mora S,  , Tironi M, Bizzi F. Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23494. Accessed December 21, 2024.
Charpentier Mora, Simone, , Marta Tironi, Fabiola Bizzi. "Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23494 (accessed December 21, 2024).
Charpentier Mora, S., , ., Tironi, M., & Bizzi, F. (2022, May 27). Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23494
Charpentier Mora, Simone, et al. "Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood." Encyclopedia. Web. 27 May, 2022.
Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijerph19106205
Middle childhood represents for the child and his family a period of important changes that occur on several levels. At the individual level, we witness the maturational evolution of a child’s cognitive and emotional processes parallel to pubertal growth. These processes also include significant development of the child’s mentalization and social cognition skills. Concurrently, at a social level, there is an expansion of the relevance that the extra-familiar context assumes for child development. Relationships with peers, primarily grounded within the school context, become a significant source of exploration and enhancement of social–emotional competencies. Although such important changes make this stage of child’s life of great interest, studies related to attachment theory that have addressed middle childhood are relatively lacking. Furthermore, although there has been an increase in research in recent years, several gaps related to the study of parental mentalizing, the father’s role, and the link between parenting variables and a child’s psychological and psychopathological outcomes still remain.
parental mentalizing Parental Insightfulness Parental Reflective Functioning psychological symptoms social–emotional competencies middle childhood

1. Parental Mentalizing: Theory and Assessment

Mentalizing construct, originally operationalized as Reflective Functioning (RF) by Peter Fonagy and colleagues [1], has gained wide space over the last thirty years. Early studies thus focused on the predictive value of the quality of parents’ mentalizing with respect to their child’s psychological outcomes [1][2], which are closely related to the quality of family relationships [3].
It is in this line of research that David Oppenheim and Nina Koren-Karie [4] and Arietta Slade [5] proposed respectively the two concepts of Parental Insightfulness (PI) and Parental Reflective Functioning (PRF). The construct of PRF—i.e., a parent’s ability to reflect upon their child’s inner mental world [5]—expands the goal of measuring RF by exploring it directly within the parent–child relationship and investigating parents’ ability to understand their own and their child’s internal experience in terms of intentional mental states. In this regard, a modified version of the Reflective Functioning Scale [6] was implemented and applied to the Parental Development Interview (PDI [7]) an interview specifically designed to explore the parental ability to reflect on the ongoing parent–child relationship. Unlike the original Reflective Functioning Scale (RFS [8]), which uses transcripts related to past relational experiences from the Adult Attachment Interview [9], Slade’s Reflective Functioning Scale uses current material—that is obtained from PDI transcripts—related to dyadic interactions occurring in the present moment. Over the past few years, a less time-consuming measure for assessing mentalizing has been developed: the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ [10]). PRFQ is a self-report questionnaire that measures key dimensions of parental mentalizing including interest and curiosity about their child’s mental states, the parent’s pre-mentalizing modes of thinking and certainty about the child’s mental states.
The construct of PI, similarly to that of PRF, indicates a parent’s ability to think about the processes underlying their child’s behavior in an accepting, complex and open manner, taking into account the child’s perspective [11]. Differently from the PDI, Nina Koren-Karie and David Oppenheim have developed a video-replay assessment procedure—the Insightfulness Assessment procedure (IA [12][13])—that explores parental mentalizing employing several videotaped segments of the parent–child dyadic interaction that are viewed and then commented on by the parent along with the interviewer. Thus, PI could be understood as a concept contiguous with that of PRF although it should be distinguished from it at least procedurally, in that to be measured it requires the parent to observe a videotaped interaction with their child. PI thus refers to the parent’s ability to be able to convey an image of the child that is emotionally complex and open to change, understanding the child’s mental states in the here and now of the relationship with the child [13]. In doing so, the main aim of its evaluation focuses on the parent’s ability to think about the motives that underlie the child’s behavior while linking these thoughts to the child’s behavior [14]. It is based on Ainsworth’s description of the sensitive mother as “seeing things from the child’s point of view” [15] and is assessed using a video-replay method in which parents are interviewed about “what went on in your child’s head” after watching several video clips of the child interacting with them. Thus, parents are required to engage in a “dialogue” between what they know about their child based on their shared history and the specific behaviors and reactions of the child as captured on video. A task requiring the parent to understand, and especially to accept the child as a separate person with their own thoughts, emotions, needs and desires different from those of the parent and sometimes contradictory to their own goals [11]. Moreover, by virtue of its procedure for mentalizing evaluation, the Insightfulness Assessment procedure could constitute a potential intervention model able to increase a parental mentalizing stance similar to video-feedback interventions and could also be used prior to mentalization-based parenting programs to target therapeutic goals according to the specific mentalistic deficits (e.g., [16]).

2. Parental Mentalizing and Child’s Psychological Outcomes

The construct of parental mentalizing, which has been identified and measured in this study throughout the two constructs of Parental Reflective Functioning (PRF [5]) and Parental Insightfulness (PI [4]), allows us to place attachment theory within a broader and more complex context defined by parental ability to understand a child’s behaviors on the basis of intentional mental states. Within this framework, many studies have shown the association between parental mentalizing and a child’s psychological and psychopathological outcomes, suggesting an important role played by familial relationships (for a review [3][17]).
As regards PRF construct, the studies listed below mostly used an interview-based assessment of mentalizing (e.g., RFS [6][8]) while a few studies [10][18][19][20][21] used the newly developed Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire [10] which is easier and more convenient to operate but prone to the tradeoffs of self-report questionnaires. These studies have highlighted the role of PRF in regard to a child’s psychopathological symptoms by showing a negative association between good parental mentalizing and child’s internalizing and externalizing problems [18][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27], and better socio-emotional competencies and fewer socio-emotional problems for the child [21][28]. Other studies have shown a negative association between parental mentalizing and a child’s anxiety levels [29] and a positive relationship with a child’s mentalizing [30][31][32][33]. Finally, additional studies have shown significant associations between parental mentalizing and child attachment security [10][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and higher child emotional regulation competencies [41]. Finally, other studies suggested a protective role of parental mentalizing, some of which have shown a moderating role of maternal PRF within the relationship between difficult temperament and a child’s behavioral difficulties [42] and between emotional distress and a child’s coping strategies during a stress-task [19].
Moreover, concerning PI, several studies have shown its relationship to a child’s attachment security [43][44][45][46][47], lower child externalizing symptoms [48], lower child externalizing and internalizing symptoms [16], higher child cognitive abilities [49], and higher child responsiveness and involvement during a mother–child dyadic interaction [50]. Finally, some studies showed a protective role of PI within the relationship between a child’s exposure to violent behaviors and the presence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and negative affectivity [51].
Overall, these studies have outlined the relationship between parental mentalizing and a child’s psychological outcomes, stressing the key role played by mentalistic representations that parents have of their children and the influence that these representations may have on a child’s psychological trajectories. However, most of the research has mainly focused on early childhood and on the mother’s role, leaving aside later developmental stages such as middle childhood and adolescence except for a few studies [23][24][29][30][31][32][33][34][52][53][54]—together with the father’s mentalizing role. Following this direction, some studies addressed the relationship between paternal PRF and a child’s psychological outcomes, showing associations with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [55], child social–emotional competencies [21][56], child internalizing and externalizing symptoms [52], and child anger propensity [57], while other studies did not find significant associations [29][54][58][59][60][61].
Furthermore, most of the studies focused on children’s psychopathological outcomes—e.g., internalizing and externalizing symptomatology—while a gap in studies of other children’s psychological dimensions such as social–emotional competencies (e.g., [21][28]) and prosocial behaviors still remains. The inclusion of parental mentalizing as an explanatory variable is still limited to a few studies. For example, Nijssens et al. [56] highlighted the role of both parents’ PRF as a mediator within the relationship between parental attachment dimensions and a child’s social–emotional competencies in families with children aged 8 to 13 months. Gordo et al. [62] showed the indirect effect of both parents’ PRF on child’s social–emotional adjustment by mediating the role of perceived parental competence in families with children aged 2 to 36 months. Finally, León and Olhaberry [60] showed, in families with children aged 12 to 38 months, the absence of a direct relation between both parents’ PRF and the child’s social–emotional behavior while the indirect effect of maternal PRF alone on the child’s social–emotional behavior was shown throughout the mediational role of the quality of triadic family interaction.

References

  1. Fonagy, P.; Steele, M.; Steele, H.; Moran, G.S.; Higgitt, A.C. The Capacity for Understanding Mental States: The Reflective Self in Parent and Child and Its Significance for Security of Attachment. Infant Ment. Health J. 1991, 12, 201–218.
  2. Dunn, J. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1995: Children’s Relationships: Bridging the Divide between Cognitive and Social Development. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discipl. 1996, 37, 507–518.
  3. Camoirano, A. Mentalizing Makes Parenting Work: A Review about Parental Reflective Functioning and Clinical Interventions to Improve It. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 14.
  4. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N. Mothers’ Insightfulness Regarding Their Children’s Internal Worlds: The Capacity Underlying Secure Child-Mother Relationships. Infant Ment. Health J. 2002, 23, 593–605.
  5. Slade, A. Parental Reflective Functioning: An Introduction. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2005, 7, 269–281.
  6. Slade, A.; Bernbach, E.; Grienenberger, J.; Levy, D.; Locker, A. Addendum to Fonagy, Target, Steele, & Steele reflective functioning scoring manual for use with the Parent Development Interview. unpublished manuscript. 2004.
  7. Aber, J.; Slade, A.; Berger, B.; Bresgi, I.; Kaplan, M. The Parent Development Interview. unpublished protocol. 1985.
  8. Fonagy, P.; Target, M.; Steele, H.; Steele, M. Reflective-Functioning Manual, Version 5.0, for Application to Adult Attachment Interviews; University College London: London, UK, 1998.
  9. George, C.; Kaplan, M.; Main, M. The Adult Attachment Interview. unpublished manuscript. 1985.
  10. Luyten, P.; Mayes, L.C.; Nijssens, L.; Fonagy, P. The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Validation. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0176218.
  11. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N. The Insightfulness Assessment: Measuring the Internal Processes Underlying Maternal Sensitivity. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2013, 15, 545–561.
  12. Koren-Karie, N.; Oppenheim, D. Insightfulness Procedure Coding Manual. unpublished manual. 2001.
  13. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N. Parents’ Insightfulness Regarding Their Children’s Internal Worlds: Assessment, Research, and Clinical Implications. In Handbook of Infant Mental Health; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 266–280.
  14. Koren-Karie, N.; Oppenheim, D. Parental Insightfulness: Retrospect and Prospect. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2018, 20, 223–236.
  15. Ainsworth, M.D. Maternal Sensitivity Scales. unpublished manuscript. 1969.
  16. Feniger-Schaal, R.; Koren-Karie, N. Using Drama Therapy to Enhance Maternal Insightfulness and Reduce Children’s Behavior Problems. Front. Psychol. 2021, 11, 4018.
  17. Katznelson, H. Reflective Functioning: A Review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2014, 34, 107–117.
  18. Arikan, G.; Kumru, A. Patterns of Associations between Maternal Symptoms and Child Problem Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Mentalization, Negative Intentionality, and Unsupportive Emotion Socialization. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2021, 52, 640–653.
  19. Borelli, J.L.; Lai, J.; Smiley, P.A.; Kerr, M.L.; Buttitta, K.; Hecht, H.K.; Rasmussen, H.F. Higher Maternal Reflective Functioning Is Associated with Toddlers’ Adaptive Emotion Regulation. Infant Ment. Health J. 2021, 42, 473–487.
  20. Khoshroo, S.; Seyed Mousavi, P.S. Parental Reflective Functioning as a Moderator for the Relationship between Maternal Depression and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Problems. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2021, 1–11.
  21. Salo, S.J.; Pajulo, M.; Vinzce, L.; Raittila, S.; Sourander, J.; Kalland, M. Parent Relationship Satisfaction and Reflective Functioning as Predictors of Emotional Availability and Infant Behavior. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2021, 30, 1214–1228.
  22. Dejko-Wańczyk, K.; Janusz, B.; Józefik, B. Understanding the Externalizing Behavior of School-Age Boys: The Role of a Mother’s Mentalization and Attachment. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2020, 29, 155–166.
  23. Ensink, K.; Bégin, M.; Normandin, L.; Fonagy, P. Maternal and Child Reflective Functioning in the Context of Child Sexual Abuse: Pathways to Depression and Externalising Difficulties. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2016, 7, 30611.
  24. Ensink, K.; Bégin, M.; Normandin, L.; Fonagy, P. Parental Reflective Functioning as a Moderator of Child Internalizing Difficulties in the Context of Child Sexual Abuse. Psychiatry Res. 2017, 257, 361–366.
  25. Halfon, S.; Besiroglu, B. Parental Reflective Function and Children’s Attachment-Based Mental State Talk as Predictors of Outcome in Psychodynamic Child Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy 2021, 58, 81–94.
  26. Smaling, H.J.A.; Huijbregts, S.C.J.; van der Heijden, K.B.; Hay, D.F.; van Goozen, S.H.M.; Swaab, H. Prenatal Reflective Functioning and Development of Aggression in Infancy: The Roles of Maternal Intrusiveness and Sensitivity. J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. 2017, 45, 237–248.
  27. Suardi, F.; Moser, D.A.; Rossignol, A.S.; Manini, A.; Vital, M.; Merminod, G.; Kreis, A.; Ansermet, F.; Serpa, S.R.; Schechter, D.S. Maternal Reflective Functioning, Interpersonal Violence-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Risk for Psychopathology in Early Childhood. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2020, 22, 225–245.
  28. Wan, M.W.; Fitch-Bunce, C.; Heron, K.; Lester, E. Infant Screen Media Usage and Social-Emotional Functioning. Infant Behav. Dev. 2021, 62, 101509.
  29. Esbjørn, B.H.; Pedersen, S.H.; Daniel, S.I.F.; Hald, H.H.; Holm, J.M.; Steele, H. Anxiety Levels in Clinically Referred Children and Their Parents: Examining the Unique Influence of Self-reported Attachment Styles and Interview-based Reflective Functioning in Mothers and Fathers. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 2013, 52, 394–407.
  30. Ensink, K.; Normandin, L.; Target, M.; Fonagy, P.; Sabourin, S.; Berthelot, N. Mentalization in Children and Mothers in the Context of Trauma: An Initial Study of the Validity of the Child Reflective Functioning Scale. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 2015, 33, 203–217.
  31. Rosso, A.M.; Airaldi, C. Intergenerational Transmission of Reflective Functioning. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 1903.
  32. Rosso, A.M.; Viterbori, P.; Scopesi, A.M. Are Maternal Reflective Functioning and Attachment Security Associated with Preadolescent Mentalization? Front. Psychol. 2015, 6, 1134.
  33. Scopesi, A.M.; Rosso, A.M.; Viterbori, P.; Panchieri, E. Mentalizing Abilities in Preadolescents’ and Their Mothers’ Autobiographical Narratives. J. Early Adolesc. 2015, 35, 467–483.
  34. Borelli, J.L.; St. John, H.K.; Cho, E.; Suchman, N.E. Reflective Functioning in Parents of School-Aged Children. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 2016, 86, 24–36.
  35. Ensink, K.; Normandin, L.; Plamondon, A.; Berthelot, N.; Fonagy, P. Intergenerational Pathways from Reflective Functioning to Infant Attachment through Parenting. Can. J. Behav. Sci. Rev. Can. Sci. Comport. 2016, 48, 9–18.
  36. Ensink, K.; Borelli, J.L.; Roy, J.; Normandin, L.; Slade, A.; Fonagy, P. Costs of Not Getting to Know You: Lower Levels of Parental Reflective Functioning Confer Risk for Maternal Insensitivity and Insecure Infant Attachment. Infancy 2019, 24, 210–227.
  37. Kelly, K.; Slade, A.; Grienenberger, J.F. Maternal Reflective Functioning, Mother–Infant Affective Communication, and Infant Attachment: Exploring the Link between Mental States and Observed Caregiving Behavior in the Intergenerational Transmission of Attachment. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2005, 7, 299–311.
  38. Slade, A.; Grienenberger, J.; Bernbach, E.; Levy, D.; Locker, A. Maternal Reflective Functioning, Attachment, and the Transmission Gap: A Preliminary Study. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2005, 7, 283–298.
  39. Stacks, A.M.; Muzik, M.; Wong, K.; Beeghly, M.; Huth-Bocks, A.; Irwin, J.L.; Rosenblum, K.L. Maternal Reflective Functioning among Mothers with Childhood Maltreatment Histories: Links to Sensitive Parenting and Infant Attachment Security. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2014, 16, 515–533.
  40. Borelli, J.L.; Stern, J.A.; Marvin, M.J.; Smiley, P.A.; Pettit, C.; Samudio, M. Reflective Functioning and Empathy among Mothers of School-Aged Children: Charting the Space Between. Emotion 2021, 21, 783–800.
  41. Heron-Delaney, M.; Kenardy, J.A.; Brown, E.A.; Jardine, C.; Bogossian, F.; Neuman, L.; de Dassel, T.; Pritchard, M. Early Maternal Reflective Functioning and Infant Emotional Regulation in a Preterm Infant Sample at 6 Months Corrected Age. J. Pediatric Psychol. 2016, 41, 906–914.
  42. Wong, K.; Stacks, A.M.; Rosenblum, K.L.; Muzik, M. Parental Reflective Functioning Moderates the Relationship between Difficult Temperament in Infancy and Behavior Problems in Toddlerhood. Merrill-Palmer Q. 2017, 63, 54–76.
  43. Koren-Karie, N.; Oppenheim, D.; Dolev, S.; Sher, E.; Etzion-Carasso, A. Mothers’ Insightfulness Regarding Their Infants’ Internal Experience: Relations with Maternal Sensitivity and Infant Attachment. Dev. Psychol. 2002, 38, 534–542.
  44. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N.; Sagi, A. Mothers’ Empathic Understanding of Their Preschoolers’ Internal Experience: Relations with Early Attachment. Int. J. Behav. Dev. 2001, 25, 16–26.
  45. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N.; Dolev, S.; Yirmiya, N. Maternal Insightfulness and Resolution of the Diagnosis Are Associated with Secure Attachment in Preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Child Dev. 2009, 80, 519–527.
  46. Oppenheim, D.; Koren-Karie, N.; Dolev, S.; Yirmiya, N. Maternal Sensitivity Mediates the Link between Maternal Insightfulness/Resolution and Child–Mother Attachment: The Case of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2012, 14, 567–584.
  47. Ramsauer, B.; Lotzin, A.; Quitmann, J.H.; Becker-Stoll, F.; Tharner, A.; Romer, G. Insightfulness and Later Infant Attachment in Clinically Depressed and Nonclinical Mothers. Infant Ment. Health J. 2014, 35, 210–219.
  48. Oppenheim, D.; Goldsmith, D.; Koren-Karie, N. Maternal Insightfulness and Preschoolers’ Emotion and Behavior Problems: Reciprocal Influences in a Therapeutic Preschool Program. Infant Ment. Health J. 2004, 25, 352–367.
  49. Gomez, J.A.; Carter, A.S.; Forbes, D.; Gray, S.A.O. Parental Insightfulness and Parenting Behavior: A Two-Dimensional Analysis of Parent Contributions to Child Cognitive Outcomes. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2018, 20, 255–271.
  50. Ziv, Y.; Kaplan, B.A.; Venza, J. Practicing Attachment in the Real World: Improving Maternal Insightfulness and Dyadic Emotional Availability at an Outpatient Community Mental Health Clinic. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2016, 18, 292–315.
  51. Gray, S.A.O.; Forbes, D.; Briggs-Gowan, M.J.; Carter, A.S. Caregiver Insightfulness and Young Children’s Violence Exposure: Testing a Relational Model of Risk and Resilience. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2015, 17, 615–634.
  52. Benbassat, N.; Priel, B. Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment: The Role of Parental Reflective Function. J. Adolesc. 2012, 35, 163–174.
  53. Borelli, J.L.; Hong, K.; Rasmussen, H.F.; Smiley, P.A. Reflective Functioning, Physiological Reactivity, and Overcontrol in Mothers: Links with School-Aged Children’s Reflective Functioning. Dev. Psychol. 2017, 53, 1680–1693.
  54. Pazzagli, C.; Germani, A.; Buratta, L.; Luyten, P.; Mazzeschi, C. Childhood Obesity and Parental Reflective Functioning: Is There a Relation? Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2019, 19, 209–217.
  55. Mazzeschi, C.; Buratta, L.; Germani, A.; Cavallina, C.; Ghignoni, R.; Margheriti, M.; Pazzagli, C. Parental Reflective Functioning in Mothers and Fathers of Children With ADHD: Issues Regarding Assessment and Implications for Intervention. Front Public Health 2019, 7, 263.
  56. Nijssens, L.; Vliegen, N.; Luyten, P. The Mediating Role of Parental Reflective Functioning in Child Social–Emotional Development. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2020, 29, 2342–2354.
  57. An, D.; Kochanska, G. Parents’ Early Representations of Their Children Moderate Socialization Processes: Evidence from Two Studies. Dev. Psychopathol. 2020, 1–18.
  58. Buttitta, K.V.; Smiley, P.A.; Kerr, M.L.; Rasmussen, H.F.; Querdasi, F.R.; Borelli, J.L. In a Father’s Mind: Paternal Reflective Functioning, Sensitive Parenting, and Protection against Socioeconomic Risk. Attach. Hum. Dev. 2019, 21, 445–466.
  59. Jessee, A.; Mangelsdorf, S.C.; Wong, M.S.; Schoppe-Sullivan, S.J.; Shigeto, A.; Brown, G.L. The Role of Reflective Functioning in Predicting Marital and Coparenting Quality. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2018, 27, 187–197.
  60. León, M.J.; Olhaberry, M. Triadic Interactions, Parental Reflective Functioning, and Early Social-Emotional Difficulties. Infant Ment. Health J. 2020, 41, 431–444.
  61. Staines, J.; Golding, K.; Selwyn, J. Nurturing Attachments Parenting Program: The Relationship between Adopters’ Parental Reflective Functioning and Perception of Their Children’s Difficulties. Dev. Child Welf. 2019, 1, 143–158.
  62. Gordo, L.; Martínez-Pampliega, A.; Iriarte Elejalde, L.; Luyten, P. Do Parental Reflective Functioning and Parental Competence Affect the Socioemotional Adjustment of Children? J. Child Fam. Stud. 2020, 29, 3621–3631.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Psychology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Simone Charpentier Mora
,
,
Marta Tironi
,
Fabiola Bizzi
View Times: 923
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 30 May 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback