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Topic Review
Molecular and Genetic Factors of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most malignant types of cancer in men. It can spread to distant sites, including bones, lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and brain.
  • 772
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Effects of Radiation on Toll-Like Receptors
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are indispensable for the activation, maintenance and halting of immune responses. TLRs can mediate inflammation by recognizing molecular patterns in microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns: PAMPs) and endogenous ligands (danger-associated molecular patterns: DAMPs) released by injured or dead cells. For this reason, TLR ligands have attracted much attention in recent years in many cancer vaccines, alone or in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). 
  • 772
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HGSCs Carcinogenic Hypotheses and Origins
Ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases. They include fallopian-tube-epithelium (FTE)-derived and ovarian-surface-epithelium (OSE)-derived tumors. The risk/protective factors suggest that the etiology of HGSCs is multifactorial.
  • 771
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Host–Microbiota Interactions in Liver
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a difficult to treat liver cancer that generally arises in individuals suffering from alcoholic or non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Inflammation, tissue injury and fibrosis are important precursors of HCC. Translocation of microbial- and danger-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs and DAMPs) from the gut to the liver elicits profound chronic inflammation, leading to severe hepatic injury and eventually HCC progression. 
  • 771
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immune Responses Following HCC LRTs
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unlike other types of cancer, HCC can be treated with locoregional treatments (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, recurrences following LRTs are common, and strategies to improve long-term outcomes need to be developed. The exhaustion of anti-tumor immunity in HCC has been well established in many reports and the immunomodulatory effects of LRTs (enhancement of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses after RFA, reduction of effector regulatory T cells after TACE) have also been reported in several previous studies. However, a comprehensive review of previous studies and the possible roles of immunotherapy following LRTs in HCC are not known.
  • 771
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MRI Response Assessment in Glioblastoma Patients Treated
In order to compare responses to different therapies among clinical trials and to differentiate between therapy-induced changes and true tumor progression, reliable response parameters are crucial. MRI scans were evaluated using MacDonald, RANO, Vol-RANO, mRANO, Vol-mRANO and iRANO criteria. Tumor volumes (T1 contrast-enhancing as well as T2/FLAIR volumes) were calculated by semiautomatic segmentation.
  • 771
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Precision Medicine of Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health issue, being the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy with an estimated number of more than 1.9 million new cases and about 935,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. For twenty percent, the disease occurs at an advanced stage at diagnosis, while up to 50% of patients with early-stage disease relapse, despite curative surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Advances in multidisciplinary treatment and care have led to significant improvements in survival, but a cure is not possible for most of these patients.
  • 771
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
HMGB1 in Cutaneous Melanoma
High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that plays a key role in acute and chronic inflammation. HMGB1 is closely associated with cell survival and proliferation and may be directly involved in tumor cell metastasis development thanks to its ability to promote cell migration. HMGB1 is closely associated with cell survival and proliferation and may be directly involved in tumor cell metastasis development thanks to its ability to promote cell migration. 
  • 771
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Carcinoid
Carcinoid tumors are a rare subtype of neuroendocrine tumor that arise in a variety of different organs and soft tissue. Explicitly, neuroendocrine tumors are characterized as neoplasms that are of neuroectodermal or epithelial origin and contain neurosecretory granules. Immunotherapy for the treatment of carcinoid tumors may still prove to be a useful treatment modality, particularly in combination with surgery and other pharmacologic regimens, such as somatostatin analogues. 
  • 771
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment with Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
Therapies mobilizing host immunity against cancer cells have profoundly improved prognosis of cancer patients. However, efficacy of immunotherapies depends on local immune conditions. The “cold” tumor, which is characterized by lacking inflamed T cells, is insensitive to immunotherapy. Current strategies of improving the “cold” tumor microenvironment are far from satisfying. Nanoparticle-based therapies provide novel inspiration in firing up the tumor microenvironment.
  • 771
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment in CNS Tumors
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors and are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as grade I–IV tumors based on molecular and genomic features, allowing a more accurate classification of patients. Given the transition from histological characterization, this newer molecular classification system enables precision medicine therapeutic selection and leads to a more accurate prediction of prognosis. Despite the evolution of such classifications and of immunotherapies, these tumors remain refractory to immune therapeutics. Understanding the microenvironment of gliomas and it's heterogeneity is key to discover potential future immunotherapeutic strategies. Recent findings show that immune activity against tumors may be dependent of the tumor microenvironment, especially in hot spots of immune reactivity like the invasive edge.
  • 770
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ascorbate in Cancer Therapy
Cancer is a disease of high mortality, and its prevalence has increased steadily in the last few years. Ascorbate (ascorbic acid or vitamin C) is a potent water-soluble antioxidant that is produced in most mammals but is not synthesised endogenously in humans, which lack enzymes for its synthesis. Ascorbate has antioxidant effects that correspond closely to the dose administered. Interestingly, this natural antioxidant induces oxidative stress when given intravenously at a high dose, a paradoxical effect due to its interactions with iron. Importantly, this deleterious property of ascorbate can result in increased cell death. Although, historically, ascorbate has been reported to exhibit anti-tumour properties, this effect has been questioned due to the lack of available mechanistic detail. Recently, new evidence has emerged implicating ferroptosis in several types of oxidative stress-mediated cell death, such as those associated with ischemia–reperfusion. This effect could be positively modulated by the interaction of iron and high ascorbate dosing, particularly in cell systems having a high mitotic index. In addition, it has been reported that ascorbate may behave as an adjuvant of favourable anti-tumour effects in cancer therapies such as radiotherapy, radio-chemotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or even in monotherapy, as it facilitates tumour cell death through the generation of reactive oxygen species and ferroptosis.
  • 770
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Body Composition Assessment
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a reliable, non-invasive, objective, and cost-effective body composition assessment method, with high reproducibility. 
  • 769
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inhibition of WHSC1, Prostate Cancer
Immunotherapy initially demonstrated promising results in prostate cancer (PCa), but the modest or negative results of many recent trials highlight the need to overcome the poor immunogenicity of this cancer. The design of effective therapies for PCa is challenged by the limited understanding of the interface between PCa cells and the immune system in mediating therapeutic resistance. Prompted by our recent observations that elevated WHSC1, a histone methyltransferase known to promote progression of numerous cancers, can silence antigen processing and presentation in PCa.
  • 768
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Interaction of COVID-19 and Lung Cancer Treatment
SARS-CoV-2 infection has dramatically impacted the real-world management of cancer patients. Given the higher risk of a longer and more severe course of COVID-19 disease in lung cancer patients, oncological services have been profoundly reorganized. The world’s leading professional organizations provided new recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of lung cancer patients during the pandemic. Telemedicine was preferred for non-urgent visits, and screening programs were temporarily suspended, leading to possible diagnostic delays and an estimated increase of cause-specific mortality. The vaccination campaign has definitively inverted this negative trend, with the administration of the booster dose prioritized in frail immune-depressed patients. The efficacy and duration of a humoral immune response in cancer patients still represents an opened question, requiring further investigation in dedicated studies.
  • 768
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome and Gynecologic Tumors
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a genetic condition predisposing to a variety of tumors, including endometrial (EC) and ovarian cancers (OC), with cancer lifetime risk depending on the specific LS-mutation involved. Universal Screening is the standard for LS detection. Prophylactic surgery is a risk-reducing option that may be considered, and the age at hysterectomy and recommendation for bilateral oophorectomy depend on the mutated variant and offspring desire. Besides surgery, chemoprevention via contraceptives combination or progestin-alone is a viable option, and vaccination with tumor-specific antigens has shown promising results in mouse models.
  • 768
  • 18 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Radiotherapy for Sinonasal Malignant Tumors
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of sinonasal cancer, mainly in the adjuvant setting after surgical resection. Many technological approaches have been described, including intensity-modulated radiotherapy, concomitant chemoradiotherapy, charged particle therapy or combined approaches. The choice is based on general criteria related to the oncological results and morbidity of each technique and their availability, as well as specific criteria related to the tumor (tumor extensions, pathology and quality of margins).
  • 767
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Immunology
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have shed from a tumor into the lymphatics and vasculature, ultimately disseminating into blood circulation. Immune modulation is a hallmark of cancer. Cancer–immune interaction shapes the course of disease progression at every step of tumorigenesis, including metastasis, of which circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are regarded as an indicator. 
  • 767
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Local Control Following SBRT for Liver Metastases
The utilization of stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of liver metastasis has been widely studied and has demonstrated favorable local control outcomes. However, several predictive factors play a crucial role in the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy, such as the number and size (volume) of metastatic liver lesions, the primary tumor site (histology), molecular biomarkers (e.g., KRAS and TP53 mutation), the use of systemic therapy prior to SBRT, the radiation dose, and the use of advanced technology and organ motion management during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). These prognostic factors need to be considered when clinical trials are designed to evaluate the efficacy of SBRT for liver metastases.
  • 767
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hedgehog Pathway
The hedgehog pathway, which plays a significant role in embryonic development and stem cell regulation, is activated in gastrointestinal cancers. Chemotherapy is widely used in cancer treatment. However, chemoresistance becomes a substantial obstacle in cancer therapy.
  • 766
  • 07 Sep 2021
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