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Topic Review
MR Imaging Techniques of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis, characterization, treatment planning, and disease surveillance of intracranial tumors. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the mainstay of neuroimaging and provides anatomical details, as well as cellular, vascular, and functional information for brain tumors. Imaging features, in combination with location, demographics, and clinical presentation, can help arrive at an accurate diagnosis or a narrow differential diagnosis.
  • 701
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Guided Ethanol Ablation for Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
The thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC) is the most common congenital neck mass, accounting for 70–75% of all congenital neck masses. Although the Sistrunk operation has been used as a standard of treatment, it is accompanied by a considerable surgical burden, including the need for general anesthesia, a visible surgical scar on the neck surface, and postoperative complications. Ultrasound-guided ethanol ablation (US-EA) is a minimally invasive and office-based technique that is widely used as a non-surgical treatment for several benign cystic lesions, particularly benign thyroid cysts. US-EA has also been gaining popularity as a good alternative for TGDC treatment, which is associated with high feasibility, a high safety profile, and favorable treatment outcomes. 
  • 701
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging in Sjögren Syndrome
Sjögren syndrome (SS) belongs to the family of rheumatic autoimmune diseases characterized by systemic compromise with exocrine glands as target organs that are affected by chronic inflammation and immune-mediated destruction of the tissue, leading to severe dryness of the mouth and eyes. Extra-glandular symptoms are frequent and include fatigue, polyarthralgias, myositis, polyneuropathy, and gammaglobulinopathies, among others.
  • 694
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Imaging in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer represents one of the most common oncological causes of death worldwide. In order to treat patients in the best possible way, the staging of gastric cancer should be accurate. In this regard, endoscopy ultrasound (EUS) has been considered the reference standard for tumor (T) and nodal (N) statuses. However, thanks to technological improvements, computed tomography (CT) has gained an important role, not only in the assessment of distant metastases (M status) but also in T and N staging.
  • 693
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Carotid Artery Disease
Carotid artery disease is one of the main global causes of disability and premature mortality in the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. One of its main consequences, stroke, is the second biggest global contributor to disability and burden via Disability Adjusted Life Years after ischemic heart disease.
  • 691
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Scandium-44
Angiogenesis-related cell-surface molecules, including integrins, aminopeptidase N, vascular endothelial growth factor, and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), play a crucial role in tumour formation. Radiolabelled imaging probes targeting angiogenic biomarkers serve as valuable vectors in tumour identification. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in novel radionuclides other than gallium-68 (68Ga) or copper-64 (64Cu) to establish selective radiotracers for the imaging of tumour-associated neo-angiogenesis. Given its ideal decay characteristics (Eβ+average: 632 KeV) and a half-life (T1/2 = 3.97 h) that is well matched to the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecules targeting angiogenesis, scandium-44 (44Sc) has gained meaningful attention as a promising radiometal for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. 
  • 685
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Radiology and Imaging Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological illness common in young adults. The prevalence and incidence of MS are regionally and globally increasing. MRI scans are important for diagnosis and regular follow-up to monitor treatment response and disease progression. Interpretation of MRI scans should be performed by experienced radiologists who are familiar with the patient’s clinical and laboratory data, and who are able to detect evidence supporting or refuting a diagnosis of MS.
  • 684
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
T Classification of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women in the United States. Accurate staging is needed to determine prognosis and devise effective treatment plans. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) has made multiple revisions to the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system used by the Union for International Cancer Control and the American Joint Committee on Cancer to stage lung cancer. The eighth edition of this staging system includes modifications to the T classification with cut points of 1 cm increments in tumor size, grouping of lung cancers associated with partial or complete lung atelectasis or pneumonitis, grouping of tumors with involvement of a main bronchus regardless of distance from the carina, and upstaging of diaphragmatic invasion to T4. 
  • 684
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence Workflow
Radiotheranostics refers to the pairing of radioactive imaging biomarkers with radioactive therapeutic compounds that deliver ionizing radiation. Given the introduction of very promising radiopharmaceuticals, the radiotheranostics approach is creating a novel paradigm in personalized, targeted radionuclide therapies (TRTs), also known as radiopharmaceuticals (RPTs). Radiotherapeutic pairs targeting somatostatin receptors (SSTR) and prostate-specific membrane antigens (PSMA) are increasingly being used to diagnose and treat patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and prostate cancer. In parallel, radiomics and artificial intelligence (AI), as important areas in quantitative image analysis, are paving the way for significantly enhanced workflows in diagnostic and theranostic fields, from data and image processing to clinical decision support, improving patient selection, personalized treatment strategies, response prediction, and prognostication. Furthermore, AI has the potential for tremendous effectiveness in patient dosimetry which copes with complex and time-consuming tasks in the RPT workflow.
  • 683
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Differentiating Bone Malignancy on Imaging
Distinguishing between benign vs. malignant bone lesions is often difficult on imaging. Many bone lesions are infrequent or rarely seen, and often only specialist radiologists have sufficient expertise to provide an accurate diagnosis. In addition, some benign bone tumours may exhibit potentially aggressive features that mimic malignant bone tumours, making the diagnosis even more difficult. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques has led to remarkable progress in image-recognition tasks, including the classification and characterization of various tumours. The use of AI to discriminate bone lesions on imaging has achieved a relatively good performance in various imaging modalities, with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing between benign vs. malignant lesions in several cohort studies. However, further research is necessary to test the clinical performance of these algorithms before they can be facilitated and integrated into routine clinical practice.
  • 677
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Conventional MRI Characteristics of Peri- and Para-Vascular Spaces
Brain spaces around (perivascular spaces) and alongside (paravascular or Virchow–Robin spaces) vessels have gained significant attention due to the advancements of in vivo imaging tools and to their crucial role in maintaining brain health, contributing to the anatomic foundation of the glymphatic system. In fact, it is widely accepted that peri- and para-vascular spaces function as waste clearance pathways for the brain for materials such as ß-amyloid by allowing exchange between cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid. Visible brain spaces on magnetic resonance imaging are often a normal finding, but they have also been associated with a wide range of neurological and systemic conditions, suggesting their potential as early indicators of intracranial pressure and neurofluid imbalance.
  • 676
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Radionuclide Delivery Strategies in Tumor Treatment
Radiolabeled liposomes have attracted new interest as probes to identify the most suitable patients for treatment with liposomal formulations of common chemotherapeutics. The use of ligands for the delivery of radiotherapeutics to a specific target is still the most appealing strategy for treating tumors. The most appropriate ligand can be identified by virtually simulating its interaction with the receptor. All strategies showed great potential for use in targeted radionuclide therapy.
  • 672
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Repair of HSGc-C5 Carcinoma Cell Using Geant4-DNA
To evaluate the repair performance of HSGc-C5 carcinoma cell against radiation-induced DNA damage, a Geant4-DNA application for radiobiological research was extended by using newly measured experimental data acquired.
  • 670
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 ARDS in ICU Patients and Its Complications
A significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia could develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thus requiring mechanical ventilation and resulting in a high rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Several complications can arise during ICU stay, from both COVID-19 infection and respiratory supporting system, including barotraumas (pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum), superimposed pneumonia, coagulation disorders (pulmonary embolism, venous thromboembolism, hemorrhages, and acute ischemic stroke), abdominal involvement (acute mesenteric ischemia, pancreatitis, and acute kidney injury) and sarcopenia. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection and monitoring of ICU complications and is expanding even to prognosis prediction. 
  • 664
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MRI in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Paediatric Population
The most common acute infection and leading cause of death in children worldwide is pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory tests essentially diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or atypical microorganisms. Imaging is usually reserved for children who do not respond to treatment, need hospitalisation, or have hospital-acquired pneumonia. Advances in MRI protocols make it a viable alternative for diagnosing CAP and its complications.
  • 664
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Image-Guided Percutaneous Ablation
Image-guided percutaneous ablation is defined as the process of percutaneously introducing needlelike applicators to destroy or shrink tumors in a controlled and targeted fashion under image guidance. 
  • 660
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Photon-Counting Detector
Photon-counting detector (PCD) is a novel computed tomography detector technology (photon-counting computed tomography—PCCT) that bears several advantages in many fields of imaging, namely: cardiac, cardiovascular, neurovascular, oncological, body, musculoskeletal, neurostructural, traumatologic, and so forth. This is because of the much higher spatial resolution, reduced radiation exposure, and optimization of the use of contrast agents and material decomposition.
  • 660
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Image-Guided Locoregional Therapies (LRTs)
Image-guided locoregional therapies (LRTs) are a crucial asset in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has proven to be characterized by an impaired antitumor immune status. LRTs not only directly destroy tumor cells but also have an immunomodulating role, altering the tumor microenvironment with potential systemic effects. 
  • 658
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) are currently first- and second-line therapeutic options, respectively, for the relief of biliary obstruction. However, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has become an established alternative therapy for biliary obstruction. There are multiple different techniques for EUS-BD, which can be distinguished based on the access point within the biliary tree (intrahepatic versus extrahepatic) and the location of stent placement (transenteric versus transpapillary). The clinical and technical success rates of biliary drainage for EUS-BD are similar to both ERCP and PTBD, and complication rates are favorable for EUS-BD relative to PTBD.
  • 656
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Non-Contrast and Contrast-Enhanced Cardiac Computed Tomography
Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has emerged as a powerful non-invasive tool for risk stratification, as well as the detection and characterization of coronary artery disease (CAD), which remains the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Advances in technology have favored the increasing use of cardiac CT by allowing better performance with lower radiation doses.
  • 645
  • 21 Jun 2023
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