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Topic Review
Urban Greenery as a Complex System
A complex system is an open system in a state of dynamic equilibrium. It can also be described as a network connecting the various elements that constitute the system itself. The Urban Green System (UGS) is one such complex system. In this regard, its first characteristic is that it can be described as a network of green elements (areas, linear infrastructures, points) with variable rules governing the connections linked to their main functions in the urban context. Furthermore, it is an open system that exhibits dynamic relationships with all of the other components of the city.
  • 484
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Development Trends of Improving Sustainability of Agricultural Crops
Given the challenges in reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), one of the sectors that have attracted the most attention in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (SDA-2030) is the agricultural sector. Researchers have used different technologies to achieve crops’ financial and environmental sustainability, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to capture multi-spectral aerial images (MAIs) to assess fields’ plant vigour and detect phytosanitary events early using vegetation indices (VIs). 
  • 480
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
HydroLab
HydroLab is a module designed to implement different fertigation strategies in two independent samples of plants.
  • 477
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Research
Precision livestock farming (PLF) utilises information technology to continuously monitor and manage livestock in real-time, which can improve individual animal health, welfare, productivity and the environmental impact of animal husbandry, contributing to the economic, social and environmental sustainability of livestock farming.
  • 475
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Facial Recognition Method Based on Thin-Film Solar Cells
When the face of a user is illuminated by LED lights on the left and right sides of the system and the reflected light enters the cells at the corresponding positions, differences in facial skin colors and 3D contours lead to different output voltages and currents of the thin-film solar cells. This is the basis of facial feature identification.
  • 467
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Primer of Plasma Agriculture
Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a tunable source of reactive species and other physical factors. It exerts luxuriant biological effects on plant seeds. To date, NTP has shown promising application in modern agriculture.
  • 466
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lightweight  Model for Wheat Disease Detection
As technology evolves, mobile devices are becoming more sophisticated. Lightweight networks have great potential and advantages in agricultural disease detection. The lightweight network model has the characteristics of high precision, few parameters, and high computing cost, and can serve scenarios with limited computing resources such as mobile devices and embedded systems.
  • 458
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
High-Power Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Olive Oils
All the examined works reported an increase in oil yield and extractability index through the use of high-power ultrasound(HPU), which was ascribed to reduced paste viscosity and cavitation-driven cell disruption. Olive oil legal quality was generally not affected; on the other hand, results regarding oil chemical composition were conflicting with some studies reporting an increase of phenols, tocopherols, and volatile compounds, while others underlined no significant effects to even slight reductions after HPU treatment. Regarding the acceptability of oils extracted through HPU processing, consumer perception is not negatively affected, as long as the marketer effectively delivers information about the positive effects of ultrasound on oil quality and sensory aspect. 
  • 457
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Critical Infrastructures in the Past, Present and Future
Critical infrastructures are those material resources, services, information technology systems, networks and infrastructure assets that, if damaged or destroyed, would cause serious repercussions on the crucial functions of society, including the supply chain, health, security and the economic or social well-being of the state and the population. 
  • 456
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mechanized Blossom Thinning in Orchards
Orchard thinning can avoid biennial bearing and improve fruit quality, which is a necessary agronomic section in orchard management. The existing methods of artificial fruit thinning and chemical spraying are no longer suitable for the development of modern agriculture. With the continuous acceleration of the construction process of modern orchards, blossom thinning mechanization has become an inevitable trend in the development of the orchard flower and fruit management.
  • 455
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Soil-Borne Diseases of Flax (Linum usitatissimum)
Flax is an important crop cultivated for its seeds and fibers. It is widely grown in temperate regions, with an increase in cultivation areas for seed production (linseed) in the past 50 years and for fiber production (fiber flax) in the last decade. Among fiber-producing crops, fiber flax is the most valuable species. Linseed is the highest omega-3 oleaginous crop, and its consumption provides several benefits for animal and human health. Among biotic factors, soil-borne eukaryotic diseases pose a significant threat to both seed production and fiber quality, which highlights the economic importance of controlling these diseases. 
  • 453
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
A Decision Support Tool for Buying Farm Tractors
Tractors are the most important equipment for most of the farmers. Data science can help farmers when making a decision about tractor purchase. Buying a tractor represents a big investment for farmers, and price is one of their main concerns. This study presents the development of a web-based decision support tool (DST) that calculate the price of new and second-hand tractors, for the purpose of providing the decision-maker some information that will lead him to the final decision. The tool makes use of different algorithms based on predictive analytics methodologies. 
  • 450
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Applications of Peanut Meal and Its Hydrolysates
Peanut meal (PM) is a by-product of extracting oil from peanut kernels. Although peanut meal contains protein, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and small amounts of polyphenols and fiber, it has long been used as a feed in the poultry and livestock industries due to its coarse texture and unpleasant taste. It is less commonly utilized in the food processing industry. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research conducted on the deep processing of by-products from oil crops, resulting in the high-value processing and utilization of by-products from various oil crops. These include peanut meal, which undergoes treatments such as enzymatic hydrolysis in industries like food, chemical, and aquaculture. The proteins, lipids, polyphenols, fibers, and other components present in these by-products and hydrolysates can be incorporated into products for further utilization.
  • 446
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
UAVs and Mobile Devices for Pasture Management
The quantification of forage availability in tropical grasses is generally done in a destructive and time-consuming manner, involving cutting, weighing, and waiting for drying. To expedite this process, non-destructive methods can be used, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-definition cameras, mobile device images, and the use of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI).
  • 432
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Seed Vigor Based on Optical Methods
Optics is an ancient science, with the advancement of laser technology, optical engineering, and information technology, optical detection technology has gained a resurgence. The theoretical basis for the application of modern optical methods to the detection of seed vigor is that light irradiation on the surface of seeds will produce reflection, scattering, and transmission phenomena, accompanied by changes in parameters such as frequency, phase, and polarization state. In different vigor stages, the contents and content of nucleic acid, starch, enzyme, and protein inside the seed have a predictable change, and the reflected, scattered, and transmitted light information generated by the interaction with the light field can inform the internal composition and quality of the seed. Existing optical detection methods for seed vitality mainly include machine vision detection, near-infrared spectroscopy, hyperspectral detection, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and seed exhalation gas spectroscopy.
  • 424
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Applications for Grazing Animals
Precision Livestock Farming refers to the real-time continuous monitoring and control systems using sensors and computer algorithms for early problem detection, while simultaneously increasing producer awareness concerning individual animal needs. These technologies include automatic weighing systems, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors for individual animal detection and behaviour monitoring, body temperature monitoring, geographic information systems (GIS) for pasture evaluation and optimization, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for herd management, and virtual fencing for herd and grazing management.
  • 416
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Using Product Design Strategies to Implement Circular Economy
The design strategies referred to industrial design, e.g., user-centered design and timeless design were preferred by professional designers. The design strategies related to routine design, i.e., materials substitution, reducing resources and energy consumption, and structural optimization, were indistinctly used by both students and professional designers.
  • 410
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Precision Irrigation for Crop Production
The non-judicious use of water at the farm level in traditional irrigation application methods is a present-day concern across the world that can be resolved by enhancing application efficiency through the adoption of advanced irrigation techniques. Sprinkler irrigation is a method that has high application efficiency, which can be further increased when coupled with automation toward precision irrigation. The objectives of this review are to summarize the main aspects of sprinkler and precision irrigation and their development, scope, and future prospects specifically in Asian countries.
  • 410
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Remote Sensing Techniques in Precision Agriculture
As the global population continues to increase, there will be a growing demand for food production and agricultural resources. Transition toward Agriculture 4.0 is expected to enhance agricultural productivity through the integration of advanced technologies, increase resource efficiency, ensure long-term food security by applying more sustainable farming practices, and enhance resilience and climate change adaptation. By integrating technologies such as ground IoT sensing and remote sensing, via both satellite and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and exploiting data fusion and data analytics, farming can make the transition to a more efficient, productive, and sustainable paradigm. 
  • 409
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
AI in Improving the Sustainability of Agricultural Crops
The rapid growth of the world’s population has put significant pressure on agriculture to meet the increasing demand for food. In this context, agriculture faces multiple challenges, one of which is weed management. While herbicides have traditionally been used to control weed growth, their excessive and random use can lead to environmental pollution and herbicide resistance. To address these challenges, in the agricultural industry, deep learning models have become a possible tool for decision-making by using massive amounts of information collected from smart farm sensors.
  • 391
  • 26 Apr 2023
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