Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 -- 1821 2022-06-10 13:30:35 |
2 Format Correct + 1 word(s) 1822 2022-06-13 04:33:05 | |
3 rollback to version 1 -1 word(s) 1821 2022-06-13 05:25:51 | |
4 Format Correct -51 word(s) 1770 2022-06-13 05:46:48 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Ore Areche, F.; Nayik, G.; , .; Bharali, R.M.; Shaikh, A.M.; Ansari, M.; Alabdallah, N.M.; Al-Farga, A. Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23920 (accessed on 28 March 2024).
Ore Areche F, Nayik G,  , Bharali RM, Shaikh AM, Ansari M, et al. Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23920. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Ore Areche, Franklin, Gulzar Nayik,  , Rinku Moni Bharali, Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh, Mohammad Ansari, Nadiyah M Alabdallah, Ammar Al-Farga. "Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23920 (accessed March 28, 2024).
Ore Areche, F., Nayik, G., , ., Bharali, R.M., Shaikh, A.M., Ansari, M., Alabdallah, N.M., & Al-Farga, A. (2022, June 10). Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/23920
Ore Areche, Franklin, et al. "Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis." Encyclopedia. Web. 10 June, 2022.
Pharmacology of Bergenia pacumbis
Edit

Bergenia pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) C.Y.Wu & J.T.Pan (synonym: Bergenia ligulate Engl.), is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Saxifragaceae family, and not to be confused with Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb., and is popularly known as Pashanbheda (meaning to dissolve the kidney stone).

Bergenia ligulata antibacterial activity diuretic activity

1. Pharmacology

Owing to the occurrence of a diverse range of phytochemicals, B. pacumbis shows numerous pharmacological activities. Till date, a diverse array of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-viral, diuretic, antilithic, anti-bradykinin, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, α-glucosidase activity, free radical scavenging, analgesic, anti-oxaluria, anti-tumour, and cardioprotective activities have been reported from various parts of B. pacumbis [1][2][3][4][5][6] (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Critical pharmacological applications of Bergenia pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) C.Y.Wu & J.T.Pan.

2. Anti-Inflammatory

Studies have exposed that aqueous and alcoholic extracts of fresh rhizomes of B. pacumbis show anti-inflammatory activity in biological systems at a dose level of 1 gm/kg. [7]. An amount of 0.1 mL of 1% carrageenan solution was injected into the left-hand paw of the rat and caused an increase in the volume of the rat’s paw. This volume increment is measured every hour, and then the inhibition percentile is calculated. Results show that B. pacumbis has an excellent potential for anti-inflammatory activity [7][8]. Research has also revealed that B. pacumbis possesses some radical scavenging activity [9].

3. Antibacterial

The literature revealed that B. pacumbis extracts also possess antibacterial activity [1][4][7][10]. The plant extract was used in three concentrations (10, 25, 50 mg/mL), and the antibacterial activity was measured via the disc diffusion method. The various extracts of the plant (methanolic, ethanolic, and aqueous) was tested in a culture plate containing Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus at the dosages mentioned above and the extracts contain significant antibacterial activities. Reports show that at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, the antibacterial activity reached maximum levels, which were found to be equal to the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin (25 mg/mL) [7].

4. Anti-Viral

Anti-viral activities of B. pacumbis have been reported in a study on Nepalese medicinal plants [11][12]. The extracts (methanolic and hydromethanolic) were analyzed for influenza and herpes viruses, and the highest anti-influenza viral activity was observed at the dosage of 10 μg/mL [13]. The rhizome of B. pacumbis was used to prepare an extract containing methanol and water as a solvent, and this extract had good viral inhibitory properties against the influenza virus [4][13]. The extract inhibits the viral RNA synthesis, and the study shows that the peptide synthesis rate was decreased strongly at the concentration of 10 μg/mL. The study revealed that tannin is the main component present in the plant rhizome extract, increasing protein availability and acting as an antioxidant and as a metal ion chelator in the chosen biological systems [5].

5. Diuretic Activity

The ethanolic extracts of B. pacumbis roots were tested on albino rats to study their diuretic activity using the Lipschit method [14][15]. Diuretic activity was suspected by measuring the volume of urine collected at an interval of 5 h and also by measuring the Na+, K+, and Cl ion concentrations in urine collected from the rats [16]. The ethanol extracts possess the highest diuretic activity. The same group of researchers also studied the effects of an ethanolic extract of B. pacumbis roots on artificial urine and human urine where CaC2O4 crystals were introduced in the first one. In the case of human urine, the crystals were already present. On adding extract prepared from the roots of B. pacumbis, artificial urine showed the reduction of the crystal ring size, which confirms that the extract may be active in-vitro. Nevertheless, when the extract was applied to the human urine, it showed remarkably other characteristics than CaC2O4 crystal inhibition such as antioxidant effects and hypermagneseuric effects. From these results, it was concluded that B. pacumbis possesses diuretic activity [7][15][16].
Further studies revealed that methanolic extracts of B. pacumbis and bergenin showed a noticeable dissolution of urinary calculi in the kidney. In-vitro antilithiatic/anti calcification potential of different extracts obtained from B. pacumbis and Dolichos biflorus L. were tested independently and in combination by the homogeneous precipitation method [17]. The results of tested extracts were compared against ‘Cystone’ (a Himalaya company formulation sold in India) aqueous extract. Bergenia pacumbis extract showed lesser activity while D. biflorus extract displayed almost equivalent activity as compared to ‘Cystone’. Although, the combination of two extracts is less active in comparison to the individual extracts. The author concluded that active constituent/s may act by inhibiting calcium and phosphate accumulation and are non-protein and non-tannin in nature. Another study on rats revealed that, the low doses of B. pacumbis alcoholic extracts (0.5 mg/kg) promote diuresis, but higher doses (100 mg/kg) retard the diuresis produced by urea and urine output. It is also reported that, the aqueous extracts of B. pacumbis have better potential as compared to the aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris L. for inhibiting the growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals [18]. This research showed that there are secondary metabolites present in B. pacumbis known to play a significant role in the dissolution of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals [17].

6. Antilithic

The antilithic property of an alcoholic extract of B. pacumbis showed no effect in rats in the inhibition of stone formation, but the low dosage of crude alcoholic extract (0.5 mg/kg of extract) endorses the diuresis, and higher dosage (100 mg/kg of extract) reduced the diuresis produced by urea [19][20]. The study also revealed that applying 0.75% ethylene glycol in water (5–10 mg/kg extract) of B. pacumbis rhizome in rats prevents the deposition of the crystal in the renal tubules of a rat. The application of B. pacumbis rhizome extract prevented the side effects after lithogenic treatment such as polyuria, decreased antioxidant, weight loss, renal dysfunction, etc. The study also showed that after extract application, there was a slight increase in the Mg2+ ions in the urine, indicating the anti-urolithic activity of B. pacumbis [19][21][22][23][24].

7. Anti-Bradykinin Activity

Though the rhizome extract of B. pacumbis shows anti-bradykinin potential, it does not affect the activity of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on guinea-pig ileum. The rhizome extract increases the adrenaline level on the guinea pig trachea, and in addition, the smooth ileum muscle shows cardiotoxicity and central nervous system depressant activity. In rats, the lethal dosage of the aqueous extract of B. pacumbis rhizome was 650 mg/kg (i.p.). It is widely used to treat painful or difficult urination, renal failure, infection, or inflammation of the urinary bladder and crystalluria, which is caused due to the side effects of sulfonamides and penicillin, abscesses, cutaneous infection, dysentery, and diarrhoea [1][25][26].

8. Hepatoprotective

The hepatoprotective activity was investigated in albino rats (weight 25–35 gm) by using the ethanolic extract of B. pacumbis roots and compared with the standard drug “Liv-52” (manufactured by Himalaya Drug Company, Bangalore), by inducing hepatotoxicity using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The investigation was performed using the Up and Down or Staircase method [16]. The ethanolic extract of B. pacumbis restored the integrity of hepatocytes indicated by improvement in physiological parameters, which was confirmed by measuring the levels of transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase, oxaloacetate, serum glutamate, pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate, and bilirubin levels and known to have a significant hepatoprotective potential [1][14].

9. Antipyretic

The literature revealed that B. pacumbis possess a substantial antipyretic potential. Singh and coworker examined the ethanol (95%) and aqueous extract obtained from the roots of B. pacumbis for their antipyretic potential. The extracts were mixed with 2% gum acacia and injected to Wistar rats (500 and 300 mg/kg body weight) infected with pyrexia [16]. Paracetamol (200 mg/kg, standard antipyretic) was used as a positive control. The rectal temperature of the infected rats was noted after an interval of 1 h. A noteworthy lowering in the rat’s body temperature was noted with ethanol extract (500 mg/kg) (Figure 2). The present study along with others reports validated that B. pacumbis owns substantial antipyretic activity [14][16][27].
Figure 2. Antipyretic activity of Bergenia pacumbis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) C.Y.Wu & J.T.Pan.

10. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity

The ethanolic extract (80%) of B. pacumbis rhizome led to the investigation of α-glucosidase activity at dose levels of 5.0, 0.5, and 0.05 mg/mL and the ethyl acetate extract was used to inhibit the effect of α-glucosidase activity. The trigger compound was identified as (+)-afzelechin (2 g), which was confirmed by EI-MS, IR, proton NMR, and 13C NMR spectral analysis [22]. Further, the inhibitory activity of the compound at a concentration of 0.25 mM was studied at a 50% inhibition dose, i.e., 0.13 mm. ID50 values of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin were 12.8 mM and 0.18 mM, respectively. From these data, the α-glucosidase inhibitor in B. pacumbis is primarily due to the presence of (+)-afzelechin [22][28][29].

11. Antioxidant Activity

Bergenia pacumbis methanolic extract efficiently scavenge 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and exhibit good free radical scavenging potential with an IC50 value of 50 µg/mL. The water and n-butanol fractions obtained from methanol extract were screened for their free radical scavenging potential (in-vitro) by DPPH and the nitric oxide assay. The n-butanol and water fractions showed the IC50 value of 4.5 µg/mL and 30 µg/mL, respectively [30][31]. Bergenin isolated from B. pacumbis also showed significant antioxidant potential [32][33].

12. Analgesic

The analgesic potential of B. pacumbis rhizomes was assessed by employing hot plate and tail clip methods using hydroalcoholic extract (250 mg/kg), which was administered intra-gastrically in the mouse. However, the extract exhibited much less analgesic potential during the study [1][5][14].

13. Anti-Oxaluria

Anti-oxaluria activity on Indian adults was studied where tablets were prepared with Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br., B. pacumbis, Rubia cordifolia L., Cyperus scariosus R.Br., Achyranthes aspera L., Veronica cinerea Boiss. & Balansa, Hajrul yahood bhasma, and Shilajeet purified in the ratio 65:49:16:16:16:16:16:13 (in mg) and investigated on 32 healthy volunteers and 48 people suffering from stones. All patients were given two tablets (3 times/day) and advised to avoid oxalate-rich foods in their diet, and the treatment lasted for 8 weeks. A steady decrease in oxalate elimination was noted in persons infected with kidney stones, but the level of oxalate elimination was not as low as observed in usual adults. This research revealed that the present formulation might deliver a capable drug that regulate the activity of oxaluria [1][34].

14. Anti-Tumor

Bergenia pacumbis hydroalcoholic extract was injected intraperitoneally in rats to evaluate its anti-tumour potential. The extract exhibited activity against SARCOMA WM1256 IM cell culture at the dose of 20 mcg/mL, which pointed out that B. pacumbis hydroalcoholic extract exhibited cytotoxic activity [1].

15. Cardioprotective

The hypotensive activity of B. pacumbis hydroalcoholic extract was carried out in different animal models. A positive hypotensive activity was noted in dogs when injected with 50 mg/kg dose (i.v.) [1]. Further, the B. pacumbis extract also showed positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on a frog’s heart [25]. While in the case of continuous rabbit’s heart perfusions, the extracts exhibited adverse chronotropic and inotropic effects with a decrease in coronary flow. The alcoholic extract B. pacumbis elicited marked anti-bradykinin activity (in-vitro and in-vivo) but was unable to modify the response of acetylcholine and 5-HT on guinea-pig isolated ileum [1][35].

16. Insecticidal Activity

Kashima and coworkers evaluated the insecticidal potential of essential oil and parasorbic acid obtained from roots of B. pacumbis against adults of Drosophila melanogaster. The results revealed that both the essential oil and parasorbic acid were active against the insect, but parasorbic acid had more insecticidal potential as compared to the essential oil [28].

References

  1. Gurav, S.S.; Gurav, N.S. A Comprehensive Review: Bergenia ligulata Wall-a Controversial Clinical Candidate. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2014, 5, 1630.
  2. Scott, R. Smedley, Chemical Ecology Takes Hold. BioScience 1997, 47, 187–188.
  3. Dicke, M. Induced Responses to Herbivory by R. Karban and I.T. Baldwin. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1998, 13, 83.
  4. Ruby, K.; Dwivedi, J.; Chauhan, R. Pashanbheda a golden herb of Himalaya: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2012, 15, 24–30.
  5. Verma, P.; Joshi, B.C.; Negi, N.; Moga, P. A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Bergenia ligulata Wall. Available online: https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/review-on-therapeutic-potentials-bergenia-ligulata-wall?page=2%2C1 (accessed on 20 April 2022).
  6. Haritha, C.; Ramya, D.; Naveen, R.; Prasanna, S.V.; Salomi, P. A Comprehensive Review on Bergenia ligulata (Paashanbheda) and its role in the treatment of kidney stone formation. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2021, 12, 94–99.
  7. Sajad, T.; Zargar, A.; Ahmad, T.; Bader, G.N.; Naime, M.; Ali, S. Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Potential Bergenia ligulata. Am. J. Biomed. Sci. 2010, 2, 313–321.
  8. Naik, S.R.; Kalyanpur, S.G.; Sheth, U.K. Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Glutathione Levels and Liver Succinic Dehydrogenase Activity in Carrageenin Edema and Cotton Pellet Granuloma in Rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1972, 21, 511–516.
  9. Nazir, N.; Koul, S.; Qurishi, M.A.; Najar, M.H.; Zargar, M.I. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bergenin and its derivatives obtained by chemoenzymatic synthesis. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 2415–2420.
  10. Mitra, S.K. Herbal Composition for Maintaining/Caring the Skin around the Eye, Methods of Preparing the Same and Uses Thereof. U.S. Patent Application No. 20080081085, 31 August 2010.
  11. Rajbhandari, M.; Wegner, U.; Jülich, M.; Schöpke, T.; Mentel, R. Screening of Nepalese Medicinal Plants for Antiviral Activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001, 74, 251–255.
  12. Rajbhandari, M.; Mentel, R.; Jha, P.K.; Chaudhary, R.P.; Bhattarai, S.; Gewali, M.B.; Karmacharya, N.; Hipper, M.; Lindequist, U. Antiviral Activity of Some Plants Used in Nepalese Traditional Medicine. Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2009, 6, 517–522.
  13. Rajbhandari, M.; Wegner, U.; Schöpke, T.; Lindequist, U.; Mentel, R. Inhibitory Effect of Bergenia ligulata on Influenza Virus A. Pharmazie 2003, 58, 268–271.
  14. Koul, B.; Kumar, A.; Yadav, D.; Jin, J.O. Bergenia Genus: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Molecules 2020, 25, 5555.
  15. Joshi, V.S.; Parekh, B.B.; Joshi, M.J.; Vaidya AD, B. Inhibition of the Growth of Urinary Calcium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Crystals with Aqueous Extracts of Tribulus Terrestris and Bergenia ligulata. Urol. Res. 2005, 33, 80–86.
  16. Singh, N.; Juyal, V.; Gupta, A.K.; Gahlot, M. Evaluation of ethanolic extract of root of Bergenia ligulata for hepatoprotective, diuretic and antipyretic activities. J. Pharm. Res. 2009, 2, 958–960.
  17. Bashir, S.; Gilani, A.H. Antiurolithic Effect of Bergenia ligulata Rhizome: An Explanation of the Underlying Mechanisms. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 122, 106–116.
  18. Joshi, V.S.; Parekh, B.B.; Joshi, M.J.; Vaidya, A.B. Herbal extracts of Tribulus terrestris and Bergenia ligulata inhibit growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in-vitro. J. Cryst. Growth 2005, 275, e1403–e1408.
  19. Garimella, T.S.; Jolly, C.I.; Narayanan, S. In-vitro studies on antilithiatic activity of seeds of Dolichos biflorus Linn. and rhizomes of Bergenia ligulata Wall. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 351–355.
  20. Yadav, R.D.; Jain, S.K.; Alok, S.; Mahor, A.; Bharti, J.P.; Jaiswal, M. Herbal Plants Used in the Treatment of Urolithiasis: A Review. Int. J. Pharm. Res. Dev. 2013, 5, 66–70.
  21. Sharma, H.K.; Chhangte, L.; Dolui, A.K. Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India. Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 146–161.
  22. Saijyo, J.; Suzuki, Y.; Okuno, Y.; Yamaki, H.; Suzuki, T.; Miyazawa, M. Alfa-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Bergenia ligulata. J. Oleo Sci. 2008, 57, 431–435.
  23. Aggarwal, D.; Kaushal, R.; Kaur, T.; Bijarnia, R.K.; Puri, S.; Singla, S.K. The Most Potent Antilithiatic Agent Ameliorating Renal Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress from Bergenia ligulata Rhizome. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2014, 158, 85–93.
  24. Pant, S.; Samant, S.S.; Arya, S.C. Diversity and indigenous household remedies of the inhabitants surrounding Mornaula reserve forest in west Himalaya. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 2009, 8, 606–610.
  25. Verma, P.; Gauttam, V.; Kalia, A.N. Comparative Pharmacognosy of Pashanbhed. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. 2014, 5, 104–108.
  26. Reddy, U.D.C.; Chawla, A.S.; Deepak, M.; Singh, D.; Handa, S.S. High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of bergenin and (+) -afzelechin from different parts of Paashaanbhed (Bergenia ligulata). Phytochem. Anal. 1999, 10, 44–47.
  27. Nardev, S.; Gupta, A.; Vijay, J.; Renu, C. Study on antipyretic activity of extracts of Bergenia ligulata wall. Int. J. Pharma Bio Sci. 2010, 1, 1–5.
  28. Kashima, Y.; Yamaki, H.; Suzuki, T.; Miyazawa, M. Insecticidal effect and chemical composition of the volatile oil from Bergenia ligulata. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 7114–7119.
  29. Singh, N.; Juyal, V.; Gupta, A.K.; Gahlot, M.; Prasant, U. Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of root of Bergenia ligulata in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian Drugs 2009, 46, 247–249.
  30. Agnihotri, V.; Sati, P.; Jantwal, A.; Pandey, A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant phytochemicals in leaf extracts of Bergenia ligulata: A Himalayan herb of medicinal value. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015, 29, 1074–1077.
  31. Shirsat, V.; Dhainje, V.; Krishnapriya, M.; Sanjeevani, G. Identification of potential antioxidants by in-vitro activity guided fractionation of Bergenia ligulata. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2008, 4, 78–84.
  32. Uma, M.M.; Rajitha, R. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant profile and cytotoxic activity of methanol extract of Bergenia ligulata. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2021, 67, 70–76.
  33. Sadat, A.; Uddin, G.; Alam, M.; Ahmad, A.; Siddiqui, B.S. Structure Activity Relationship of Bergenin, p -Hydroxybenzoyl Bergenin, 11- O -Galloylbergenin as Potent Antioxidant and Urease Inhibitor Isolated from Bergenia ligulata. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015, 29, 2291–2294.
  34. Pendse, A.; Ghosh, R.; Goyal, A.; Singh, P. Effect of indigenous drugs on idiopathic hyperoxaluria in stone formers. Asian Med. J. 1984, 2, 136.
  35. Panda, H. Herbs Cultivation & Medicinal Uses; National Institute of Industrial Research: New Delhi, India, 2002; pp. 220–222.
More
Information
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register : , , , , , , ,
View Times: 407
Revisions: 4 times (View History)
Update Date: 14 Jun 2022
1000/1000