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Topic Review
Blockchain Applications in Agriculture
Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger technology initially developed to secure cryptocurrency transactions. Following its revolutionary use in cryptocurrencies, blockchain solutions are now being proposed to address various problems in different domains, and it is currently one of the most “disruptive” technologies.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Multi-Connectivity in 5G Networks and Beyond
To manage a growing number of users and an ever-increasing demand for bandwidth, future 5th Generation (5G) cellular networks will combine different radio access technologies (cellular, satellite, and WiFi, among others) and different types of equipment (pico-cells, femto-cells, small-cells, macro-cells, etc.). Multi-connectivity is an emerging paradigm aiming to leverage this heterogeneous architecture. To achieve that, multi-connectivity proposes to enable each User Equipment to simultaneously use component carriers from different and heterogeneous network nodes: base stations, WiFi Access Points, etc. This could offer many benefits in terms of Quality of Service, energy efficiency, fairness, mobility, spectrum and interference management. That is why this survey aims to present an overview of multi-connectivity in 5G networks and Beyond. To do so, a comprehensive review of existing standards and enabling technologies is proposed. Then, a taxonomy is defined to classify the different elements characterizing multi-connectivity in 5G and future networks. Thereafter, existing research works using multi-connectivity to improve Quality of Service, energy efficiency, fairness, mobility management and spectrum and interference management are analyzed and compared. In addition, lessons common to these different contexts are presented. Finally, open challenges for multi-connectivity in 5G networks and Beyond are discussed.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hemiboreal Tree Dynamics
Climate change and the associated disturbances have disrupted the relative stability of tree species composition in hemiboreal forests. The natural ecology of forest communities, including species occurrence and composition, forest structure, and food webs, have been affected. Yet, the hemiboreal forest zone of Lithuania is the least studied in the country for climate change risks and possible management adaption techniques. Moreover, the adverse effects of the phenomenon of global climate change can undermine the resilience of forest ecology in terms of its capacity for natural regeneration to occur successfully on the scale of the expected time. Especially since forests are meta-networks that constantly evolve toward the successional processes and patterns that cannot be reached at an individual species level. Therefore, in the context of hemiboreal forests, assisted natural regeneration lays the groundwork necessary to consider the life-cycle features of trees that affect the organic relationships between individual species and ecological communities indirectly via their effects on growth, reproduction, and survival, such as tree regeneration strategies that correspond to the various trade-offs in the adaptations to competition, stress, and forest disturbances. With the concept of assisted natural regeneration, embedded in the principle of deep ecology, the natural powers of forest ecology can be revitalized and fast-tracked to keep up with the pace of global climate change or even overtake it ahead its disruptions.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MET in Cancer Initiation and Driver Mutations
The MET gene, known as MET proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase, was first identified to induce tumor cell migration, invasion, and proliferation/survival through canonical RAS-CDC42-PAK-Rho kinase, RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and β-catenin signaling pathways, and its driver mutations, such as MET gene amplification (METamp) and the exon 14 skipping alterations (METex14), activate cell transformation, cancer progression, and worse patient prognosis, principally in lung cancer through the overactivation of their own oncogenic and MET parallel signaling pathways. Because of this, MET driver alterations have become recognized as actionable alterations in lung adenocarcinomas since the FDA approval target therapies for METamp and METex14 in 2020. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Circadian Clock from Birth to Death
The circadian clock is a prominent regulator of physiology. Most lifeforms on earth use endogenous, so-called circadian clocks to adapt to 24-h cycles in environmental demands driven by the planet’s rotation around its axis. Interactions with the environment change over the course of a lifetime, and so does regulation of the circadian clock system.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Types of Cell Death
Inflammation and free radicals can stimulate cell self-destruction. Inflammation and cell death are vital aspects of most diseases. Accumulation of cell damage leads to the impairment and dysregulation of the cell function. Thus, understanding the pathomechanism and molecular signaling pathways involved in cell death is necessary.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Antibacterial Quinolones
The antibacterial quinolones (QNs) and further developed fluoroquinolones (FQNs) represent one of the most important classes of antimicrobial agents from many points of view: activity spectrum, administrations, and tissue distribution, being primarily used to fight bacterial infections.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Better Delivery of Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (CBD) has substantial therapeutic potential, but its development as an effective drug by the pharmaceutical industry is hindered by intrinsic characteristics such as low bioavailability, low water solubility, and variable pharmacokinetic profiles. Potential avenues to overcome these issues with CBD include self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, improved crystal formulations and other solid-state delivery formulations, which are mostly in the pre-clinical or early clinical stages of development.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antibacterial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), are produced by all living matter as a critical part of the innate immune system [1,2,3]. Their existence was discovered in 1939, the year gramicidin was isolated from the bacteria, Bacillus brevis; some resources, however, claim that the discovery of lysozyme in the 1920s should be treated as the first AMP instance, due to lysozyme’s non enzymatic, bactericidal second mode of action [2].
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Type III Secretion System Inhibitors
Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria rely on a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), which injects multiple effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, for their pathogenicity. Genetic studies conducted in different host-microbe pathosystems often revealed a sophisticated regulatory mechanism of their T3SSs, suggesting that the expression of T3SS is tightly controlled and constantly monitored by bacteria in response to the ever-changing host environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Colon Fibroblasts and Inflammation
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death. Patients suffering inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of CRC. It is admitted that CRC found its origin within crypts of the colon mucosa, which host the intestinal stem cells (ISCs) responsible of the tissue renewal. ISC behavior is controlled by the fibroblasts that surround the crypt. During inflammation, the signals delivered by fibroblasts are altered, leading to stem cells’ dysregulation, possibly turning them into cancer-initiating cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Exosomal-based Drug Delivery
Exosomes are membrane-bound nanovesicles that are typically 30–150 nm in size with various bioactive molecules. They are typically generated by first endocytosing various transmembrane proteins into endosomes within the cell, which are then sorted and form intraluminal vesicles. These vesicles are then released as the endosome merges with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside of the cell. Tetraspanins (CD9, CD63, CD81) are one of the most common proteins expressed on the surface of exosomes and are often used as exosome-specific markers. These proteins have been shown to interact with different proteins such as integrins and major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). Exosomes commonly act as carriers of genetic and proteomic information, and are therefore vital in intercellular communication. In its role as a cellular messenger, exosomes have been implicated in promoting cancer; because of this, they are also being investigated as potential therapeutic targets and delivery vehicles. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Breath Analysis for Disease Diagnosis
Early-stage disease diagnosis is of particular importance for effective patient identification as well as their treatment. Lack of patient compliance for the existing diagnostic methods, however, limits prompt diagnosis, rendering the development of non-invasive diagnostic tools mandatory. One of the most promising non-invasive diagnostic methods that has also attracted great research interest is breath analysis; the method detects gas-analytes such as exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and inorganic gases that are considered to be important biomarkers for various disease-types. The diagnostic ability of gas-pattern detection using analytical techniques and especially sensors has been widely discussed in the literature; however, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in sensor-development has also proved to enhance sensor performance, for both selective and cross-reactive applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Internationalization of Emerging and Developed Countries’ SMEs
The topic focuses on the tension between SMEs’ growth and sustainability in emerging and developed Countries’ Internationalization: and presents a conceptual model of this process   Economic growth is a priority in many developing countries in the drive to eradicate inequality and poverty, but elevated levels of economic growth are regarded as inimical to climate preservation and sustainability. The continuing depletion of natural resources and industrial pollution has led to increasing global pressure and government policies aimed at reducing climate deterioration. Advocates of ’strong sustainability’ are concentrated in the economically developed world, while developing countries have a greater need for economic growth and advocate weaker forms of sustainability where economic development, the promotion of employment and eradication of poverty take precedence over climate preservation concerns. Extant internationalization literature does not provide an integrated model of sustainable internationalization. (i.e., the relative emphasis of human and natural capital in contextual and universal factors in the internationalization process of developing and developed countries).To address this underexplored research gap a cross-sectional, non-probabilistic convenience sample of South African SMEs using a mixed methods approach, and a secondary data eclectic analysis of developed and developing countries’ SME internationalization using a comparative multiple-case design, were adopted in this study. 
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Neurotechnology
Neurotechnology encompasses any method or device in which electronics interface with the nervous system to monitor or modulate neural activity. Common design goals for neurotechnologies include using neural activity readings to control external devices such as neuroprosthetics, altering neural activity via neuromodulation to repair or normalize function affected by neurological disorders, or augmenting cognitive abilities. In addition to their therapeutic or commercial uses, neurotechnologies also constitute powerful research tools to advance fundamental neuroscience knowledge. Some examples of neurotechnologies include deep brain stimulation, optogenetics, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and brain–computer interfaces, such as cochlear implants.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Observation Seaplane
Observation seaplanes are military aircraft with flotation devices allowing them to land on and take off from water. Their primary purpose was to observe and report enemy movements or to spot the fall of shot from naval artillery, but some were armed with machineguns or bombs. Their military usefulness extended from World War I through World War II. They were typically single-engine machines with catapult-launch capability and a crew of one, two or three. Most were designed to be carried aboard warships, but they also operated from seashore harbors.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Lower Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis
Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to significant morbidity including pain, swelling, and difficulty walking in the affected limb. If left untreated, DVT increases the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and post thrombotic syndrome (PTS). The objective of this overview is to identify catheter-directed interventions for the treatment of lower extremity DVT. Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT), catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT), and pharmacomechanical CDT (PCDT) devices are discussed in detail with a focus on their mechanism of action and indication of use. 
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pulses as Ingredients for Processed Meats
Pulses are in the forefront as protein-rich sources to aid in providing sufficient daily protein intake and may be used as binders to reduce meat protein in meat product formulations. Use of pulse-derived ingredients in meat processing can lower formulation costs, improve nutritional value and enhance meat product quality. Pulses are seen as clean-label multi-functional ingredients that bring benefits to meat products beyond protein content. Their broader use as ingredients in meat products may be enhanced by various processes such as thermal pre-treatment.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Morel in Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils
Morel is a popular edible mushroom with considerable medicinal and economic value which has garnered global popularity. Given the susceptibility of morels to HM accumulation, the quality and output of morels are at risk, posing a serious food safety concern that hinders the development of the morel industry.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Yeast-Based Biosensors
Composed of a sensor part made up of live yeast cells coupled to a transducer/reporter technological element, yeast-based biosensors are  powerful tools to detect and monitor environmental contaminants, toxins and generally organic or chemical markers of potential threat to human health. Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms very resistant to adverse environmental conditions but also able to sense and respond to a wide variety of stimuli. As eukaryotes, they constitute excellent cellular models to detect organic contaminants and chemicals  harmful to animals. For these reasons, combined with their ease of culture and genetic modification, yeasts have often been chosen as biological elements of biosensors since the 1970s. Numerous different types of yeast-based biosensors have been developed for the environmental and medical domains, some of which are able to detect pathogens and viruses. The present technological developments of Synthesis Biology and Nanotechnologies further drive yeasts based biosensors into a new era where the biological element is optimized in a tailor-made fashion by in silico design and where the output signals can be recorded or followed on a smartphone.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
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