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Topic Review
Non-Alkaloid Cholinesterase Inhibitory Compounds
The classes of cholinesterase inhibitors discussed here are mainly terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and coumarins, and some of these compounds have shown high potency. In order to consider which classes are most suitable, based on the benefits and drawbacks, certain structural features of each class will be of great importance. Using chalcones as an example, it is believed that besides economical and cost-effective production, small molecular size and flexibility for modifications to improve lipophilicity necessary for blood-brain barrier permeability are important to consider for a preferred potential therapeutic candidate for AD.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Secondary Metabolites of Sarraceniaceae Family
Carnivorous plants have fascinated researchers and hobbyists for centuries because of their mode of nutrition which is unlike that of other plants. They are able to produce bioactive compounds used to attract, capture and digest prey but also as a defense mechanism against microorganisms and free radicals. Darlingtonia, Heliamphora and Sarracenia plants are rich in compounds with potential pharmaceutical and medical uses. These belong to several classes such as flavonoids, with flavonol glycosides being the most abundant, monoterpenes, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, alkaloids and others. Some of them are well characterized in terms of chemical properties and biological activity and have widespread commercial applications. Sarraceniaceae species contain numerous substances with the potential to advance health. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Aromatic Plants Metabolic Engineering
Secondary metabolites of aromatic plants are used in many health applications as drugs, pheromones, insecticides, fragrances, and antioxidants. Due to the huge commercial demand for these secondary metabolites, the need to overcome the insufficient productivity of aromatic plants has become a significant challenge. Plant breeding is a traditional, labor-intensive, and limited method to improve the ability of aromatic plants to produce secondary metabolites.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aerobic Exercise-Induced Cardiac Regeneration
The leading cause of heart failure is cardiomyopathy and damage to the cardiomyocytes. Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have the ability to regenerate, but this cannot wholly compensate for myocardial cell loss after myocardial injury. Studies have shown that exercise has a regulatory role in the activation and promotion of regeneration of healthy and injured adult cardiomyocytes. However, current research on the effects of aerobic exercise in myocardial regeneration is not comprehensive. This study discusses the relationships between aerobic exercise and the regeneration of cardiomyocytes with respect to complex molecular and cellular mechanisms, paracrine factors, transcriptional factors, signaling pathways, and microRNAs that induce cardiac regeneration. The topics discussed herein provide a knowledge base for physical activity-induced cardiomyocyte regeneration, in which exercise enhances overall heart function and improves the efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation.
  • 1.0K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Alpha-Synuclein
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small protein composed of 140 amino acids and belongs to the group of intrinsically disordered proteins. It is a soluble protein that is highly expressed in neurons and expressed at low levels in glial cells. The monomeric protein aggregation process induces the formation of oligomeric intermediates and proceeds towards fibrillar species. These α-syn conformational species have been detected in the extracellular space and mediate consequences on surrounding neurons and glial cells. In particular, higher-ordered α-syn aggregates are involved in microglial and oligodendrocyte activation, as well as in the induction of astrogliosis. These phenomena lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species formation, and the induction of an inflammatory response, associated with neuronal cell death. Several receptors participate in cell activation and/or in the uptake of α-syn, which can vary depending on the α-syn aggregated state and cell types. The receptors involved in this process are of outstanding relevance because they may constitute potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD and related synucleinopathies.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
NF-κB Inhibitor DHMEQ
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was discovered as a transcription factor interacting with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Later it was shown to promote the expression of many inflammatory mediators and apoptosis inhibitory proteins. Therefore, it has been considered to be an attractive molecular target of inflammation therapy and cancer therapy. NF-κB is likely to be involved in the mechanism of most inflammatory diseases. Meanwhile, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) is a low molecular weight inhibitor of NF-κB, and its unique mechanisms of action have been elucidated.  It directly binds to and inactivates NF-κB components. It has been widely used to suppress cellular and animal inflammatory disease models and was shown to be potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity without any toxicity.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Trefoil Factor Family (TFF) Peptides
Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides mainly consist of characteristic TFF domains, which contain about 40 amino acid residues, including 6 conserved cysteine residues. TFF peptides possess a single (mammalian TFF1 and TFF3), two (mammalian TFF2, Xenopus laevis xP2) or four TFF domains (X. laevis xP4). They exhibit lectin activities and are characteristic exocrine products of the mucous epithelia. Here, they play different roles for mucosal protection and the innate immune defense: TFF1 is a gastric tumor suppressor; TFF2 builds a lectin complex with the mucin MUC6, physically stabilizing the inner gastric mucus layer; and TFF3 forms a disulfide-linked heterodimer with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP), probably preventing the infiltration of microorganisms. Minor amounts of TFF peptides are endocrine products of the immune and nervous systems. Pathologically, TFF peptides are linked to inflammation. There are increasing indications that TFF peptides can antagonize cytokine receptors, such as receptors for IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα (thereby acting as anti-inflammatory peptides). TFF peptides can probably also activate a variety of receptors, such as CXCR4. The TFF domain is a unique shuffled module which is also present in a number of mosaic proteins, such as zona pellucida proteins, sugar degrading enzymes and frog skin mucins. Here, their function seems to be defined by a lectin activity, which might even allow a role in fertilization.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exogenous Response Heal Promoting Bone
Bone damage leading to bone loss can arise from a wide range of causes, including those intrinsic to individuals such as infections or diseases with metabolic (diabetes), genetic (osteogenesis imperfecta), and/or age-related (osteoporosis) etiology, or extrinsic ones coming from external insults such as trauma or surgery. Although bone tissue has an intrinsic capacity of self-repair, large bone defects often require anabolic treatments targeting bone formation process and/or bone grafts, aiming to restore bone loss. The current bone surrogates used for clinical purposes are autologous, allogeneic, or xenogeneic bone grafts, which although effective imply a number of limitations: the need to remove bone from another location in the case of autologous transplants and the possibility of an immune rejection when using allogeneic or xenogeneic grafts.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Interconversion, Turnover and Degradation of Chlorophyll
Chlorophylls (Chls, Chl a and Chl b) are tetrapyrrole molecules essential for photosynthetic light harvesting and energy transduction in plants. Once formed, Chls are noncovalently bound to photosynthetic proteins on the thylakoid membrane. In contrast, they are dismantled from photosystems in response to environmental changes or developmental processes; thus, they undergo interconversion, turnover, and degradation.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Polyoxometalates Environmental
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are clusters of units of oxoanions of transition metals, such as Mo, W, V and Nb, that can be formed upon acidification of neutral solutions. Once formed, some POMs have shown to persist in solution, even in the neutral and basic pH range. These inorganic clusters, amenable of a variety of structures, have been studied in environmental, chemical, and industrial fields, having applications in catalysis and macromolecular crystallography, as well as applications in biomedicine, such as cancer, bacterial and viral infections, among others.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Golgi's Role in Cancer Therapies
The Golgi apparatus is an important organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It plays a vital role in the processing and sorting of proteins, lipids and other cellular components for delivery to their appropriate destinations within the cell or for secretion outside of the cell. The Golgi complex also plays a role in the regulation of protein trafficking, secretion and post-translational modifications, which are significant in the development and progression of cancer. Abnormalities in this organelle have been observed in various types of cancer, although research into chemotherapies that target the Golgi apparatus is still in its early stages.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Urease Inhibitory Activity
In our work, both Et-OH and Me-OH extracts of H. rhamnoides (91.69%±1.21) and C. fistula (79.44%±0.55) showed stronger action against urease activity. An overview on the medicinal uses of H. rhamnoides and C. fistula showing anti-urease activity may predict their possible alternative use for stomach problems. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pre-Molten, Wet, and Dry Molten Globules
Transitions between the unfolded and native states of the ordered globular proteins are accompanied by the accumulation of several intermediates, such as pre-molten globules, wet molten globules, and dry molten globules. Structurally equivalent conformations can serve as native functional states of intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Controlling Gene Expression in Hypoxia
Hypoxia—reduction in oxygen availability—plays key roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Given the importance of oxygen for cell and organism viability, mechanisms to sense and respond to hypoxia are in place. A variety of enzymes utilise molecular oxygen, but of particular importance to oxygen sensing are the 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) dependent dioxygenases (2-OGDs). Of these, Prolyl-hydroxylases have long been recognised to control the levels and function of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF), a master transcriptional regulator in hypoxia, via their hydroxylase activity. However, recent studies are revealing that dioxygenases are involved in almost all aspects of gene regulation, including chromatin organisation, transcription and translation. We highlight the relevance of HIF and 2-OGDs in the control of gene expression in response to hypoxia and their relevance to human biology and health. 
  • 1.0K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Principles of NMR and MRI
Depending on the appropriately tuned amplifiers and transceiver coils, in theory, any nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) active nucleus can be used for imaging by MRI. A nucleus with a spin quantum number of ½ (e.g., 1H, 3He, 13C, 14N, 15N, 19F, 19O, 31P, etc.) is designated to be in two spin states and the direction of spin alignment depends on the sign (+/−) of the gyromagnetic ratio, one of the two spin states will align along the magnetic field (ground state, lower energy), whereas the other one will align against it (excited state, higher energy). When an external magnetic field is applied, the spins in the ground state can be promoted to the excited state after absorbing the energy. Upon the termination of the external magnetic field, the spin returns to its equilibrium state (ground state) by a process called relaxation. There are two processes involved, each with an exponential time constant (Ti, i = 1,2): ‘T1’ (longitudinal or spin-lattice) or ‘T2’ (transverse or spin-spin) relaxation times. These parameters help in determining the signal/contrast-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the image resolution.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Rac1 in Bladder Cancer
Bladder pathologies, very common in the aged population, have a considerable negative impact on quality of life. Novel targets are needed to design drugs and combinations to treat diseases such as overactive bladder and bladder cancers. A promising new target is the ubiquitous Rho GTPase Rac1, frequently dysregulated and overexpressed in bladder pathologies. Dysregulations of Rac signaling have been reported in atherosclerosis, neurodevelopmental disorders, rheumatic diseases, pulmonary hypertension and different types of cancers, including urothelial carcinoma. Protein Rac1 (RAS-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (1) is considered a prime target to combat a variety of solid tumors and certain onco-hematological malignancies. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Monitoring Glucose Uptake and Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia. The alteration in metabolic characteristics determines the prognosis. Patients at risk show reduced glucose uptake in the brain. Additionally, type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of AD with increasing age. Therefore, changes in glucose uptake in the cerebral cortex may predict the histopathological diagnosis of AD.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Mechanisms of Natural and Synthetic Chalcones
ATP-binding cassette subfamily G and tubulin pharmacological mechanisms decrease the effectiveness of anticancer drugs by modulating drug absorption and by creating tubulin assembly through polymerization. A series of natural and synthetic chalcones have been reported to have very good anticancer activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration lower than 1 µM. By modulation, it is observed in case of the first mechanism that methoxy substituents on the aromatic cycle of acetophenone residue and substitution of phenyl nucleus by a heterocycle and by methoxy or hydroxyl groups have a positive impact. To inhibit tubulin, compounds bind to colchicine binding site. Presence of methoxy groups, amino groups or heterocyclic substituents increase activity.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Amino Acid Transporters and Stress Responses in Plants
Plants can absorb inorganic and organic nitrogen from the environment via the root system. In soil, inorganic nitrogen is usually found in the forms of nitrate and ammonium, while organic nitrogen usually exists in the forms of free amino acids, urea, and short peptides. The uptake of nitrogen-containing molecules by plants is mediated by the respective transporters of these molecules, especially amino acid transporters, which have been known to play a major role in distributing nitrogen throughout the whole plant. Amino acid accumulation and signaling have been suggested to play important roles in stress responses.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Leptin and Its Involvement in Pathology
Excess body weight is frequently associated with low-grade inflammation. Evidence indicates a relationship between obesity and cancer, as well as with other diseases, such as diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in which inflammation and the actions of various adipokines play a role in the pathological mechanisms involved in these disorders. Leptin is mainly produced by adipose tissue in proportion to fat stores, it is also synthesized in other organs, where leptin receptors are expressed.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Feb 2023
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