Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Signaling Pathways in Aging
Aging is a fundamental biological process accompanied by a general decline in tissue function. Indeed, as the lifespan increases, age-related dysfunction, such as cognitive impairment or dementia, will become a growing public health issue. 
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
β-hydroxybutyrate as an Anti-Aging Metabolite
The ketone bodies, especially β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), derive from fatty acid oxidation and alternatively serve as a fuel source for peripheral tissues including the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. β-HB is currently considered not solely an energy substrate for maintaining metabolic homeostasis but also acts as a signaling molecule of modulating lipolysis, oxidative stress, and neuroprotection. Besides, it serves as an epigenetic regulator in terms of histone methylation, acetylation, β-hydroxybutyrylation to delay various age-related diseases. In addition, studies support endogenous β-HB administration or exogenous supplementation as effective strategies to induce a metabolic state of nutritional ketosis. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of β-HB metabolism and its relationship and application in age-related diseases. Future studies are needed to reveal whether β-HB has the potential to serve as adjunctive nutritional therapy for aging.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Dissociation
Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into other things such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner. For instance, when an acid dissolves in water, a covalent bond between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom is broken by heterolytic fission, which gives a proton (H+) and a negative ion. Dissociation is the opposite of association or recombination.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Sprout against Different Diseases
With the intake of plant sprouts, bioavailability has long been regarded as crucial. The bioavailability of phytochemicals in various sprout diets varies substantially depending on several parameters. Interindividual factors, including delivery mode, and even intraindividual biochemical variances and the makeup and function of the gut microbiota are all factors to consider.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Zermelo's Theorem (Game Theory)
In game theory, Zermelo's theorem is a theorem about finite two-person games of perfect information in which the players move alternately and in which chance does not affect the decision making process. It says that if the game cannot end in a draw, then one of the two players must have a winning strategy (i.e. can force a win). An alternate statement is that for a game meeting all of these conditions except the condition that a draw is now possible, then either the first-player can force a win, or the second-player can force a win, or both players can force a draw. The theorem is named after Ernst Zermelo, a German mathematician and logician, who proved the theorem for the example game of chess in 1913.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Solar Energy-Powered Boats
Solar energy-powered boats have emerged as a noteworthy solution for environmentally friendly transportation, starting with Alan T. Freeman’s pioneering solar boat called Solar Craft 1 in 1975. These boats have garnered increasing interest from esteemed boatyards, universities, and research centers worldwide, as they address the need for eco-friendly transportation.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Longwall Mining Automation
The shearer positioning method is of great significance to the automation of longwall mining. The research teams in the Longwall Automation Steering Committee (LASC) of Australia and China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) have focused on shearer positioning and identified the shearer inertial navigation system, the measurement of longwall retreat and creep displacement, and the backward calibration of the shearer trajectory as three key technologies to obtain accurate shearer positioning information.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Applications of Microfluidic Systems
With the proliferation of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, the syntheses of microfluidic devices or microdroplets have become increasingly important as tools for chemical analysis and synthesis. Microfluidic devices (microreactors, microchemical chips, etc.) that integrate the functions of chemical synthesis, analysis equipment, and chemical plants in a compact form are being investigated.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Muse Cells
Muse cells, identified as pluripotent surface marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3(+), are endogenous reparative pluripotent stem cells distributed in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and connective tissue of every organ. Since they are non-tumorigenic and do not require gene introduction or cytokine treatment to be rendered pluripotent and induce differentiation, they elicit few safety concerns. They can be delivered intravenously and do not require surgery for their administration since they selectively home to damaged site by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1PR2 axis after intravenous injection. Donor-Muse cells can be used without HLA-matching test or immunosuppressant treatment since they have a specific immunomodulatory system represented by HLA-G expression.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mixture Designs in Beverages/Foods/Pharmaceutical Health
Design of Experiments (DoE) is a statistical tool used to plan and optimize experiments and is seen as a quality technology to achieve products excellence. Among the experimental designs (EDs), the mixture designs (MDs) stand out, being widely applied to improve conditions for processing, developing, or formulating novel products. Overall, the SOM indicated that Brazil presented the largest number of works using MDs. Among the continents, America and Asia showed a predominance in applications with the same amount of work. Comparing the MDs application areas, the analysis indicated that works are prevalent in food and beverage science in the American continent, while in Asia, health science prevails. MDs were more used to develop functional/nutraceutical products and the formulation of drugs for several diseases. However, we briefly describe some promising research fields in that MDs can still be employed.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii  is a ubiquitous zoonotic parasite with an obligatory intracellular lifestyle. It relies on a specialized set of cytoskeletal and secretory organelles for host cell invasion. When infecting its felid definitive host, T. gondii  undergoes sexual reproduction in the intestinal epithelium, producing oocysts that are excreted with the feces and sporulate in the environment. In other hosts and/or tissues, T. gondii  multiplies by asexual reproduction. Rapidly dividing tachyzoites expand through multiple tissues, particularly nervous and muscular tissues, and eventually convert to slowly dividing bradyzoites which produce tissue cysts, structures that evade the immune system and remain infective within the host. Infection normally occurs through ingestion of sporulated oocysts or tissue cysts. While T. gondii  is able to infect virtually all warm-blooded animals, most infections in humans are asymptomatic, with clinical disease occurring most often in immunocompromised hosts or fetuses carried by seronegative mothers that are infected during pregnancy.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Salt Stress on Cotton Plant
Cotton plants are affected in multiple ways by salt stress, including diminished growth, limited leaf area expansion, and impaired nutrient uptake. The accumulation of cytoplasmic Na+ and Cl- ions, which can lead to cell death, is also a consequence of salt stress. Plant salt stress is a phenomenon that occurs when soil solution contains an excessive amount of salts, leading to the inhibition of plant growth or even death.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Glioblastoma Pathogenesis
Glioblastoma is one of the most common and detrimental forms of solid brain tumor, with over 10,000 new cases reported every year in the United States. Despite aggressive multimodal treatment approaches, the overall survival period is reported to be less than 15 months after diagnosis. A widely used approach for the treatment of glioblastoma is surgical removal of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While there are several drugs available that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), significant efforts have been made in recent years to develop new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of glioblastoma.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Rosemary for Natural Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents
Rosmarinus officinalis L. compounds, especially its main polyphenolic compounds, carnosic acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA), influence various facets of cancer biology, making them valuable assets in the ongoing fight against cancer. These two secondary metabolites exhibit formidable antioxidant properties that are a pivotal contributor against the development of cancer.
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Millimeter-Wave Radar and Convolutional Neural Network
A framework for simultaneous tracking and recognizing drone targets using a low-cost and small-sized millimeter-wave radar is presented. The radar collects the reflected signals of multiple targets in the field of view, including drone and non-drone targets. The analysis of the received signals allows multiple targets to be distinguished because of their different reflection patterns.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Integrated GNN and DRL in E2E Networking Solutions
Graph neural networks (GNN) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) are at the forefront of algorithms for advancing network automation with capabilities of extracting features and multi-aspect awareness in building controller policies. While GNN offers non-Euclidean topology awareness, feature learning on graphs, generalization, representation learning, permutation equivariance, and propagation analysis, it lacks capabilities in continuous optimization and long-term exploration/exploitation strategies. Therefore, DRL is an optimal complement to GNN, enhancing the applications towards achieving specific policies within the scope of end-to-end (E2E) network automation.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Extended Characteristic Polynomial
In the context of molecular topology it is well known the Characteristic Polynomial (ChP) for its important uses in relating the structure with molecular properties of hydrocarbons, as well as a high resolution discriminant for chemical structures. Also it is well known that, as any other topological based descriptor/function, the ChP is blind to the nature of the chemical element and of the chemical bond, both being treated as indistinguishable in the context of the chemical graphs theory. An extension of the Characteristic Polynomial (EChP) is proposed by relaxing the identity matrix and adjacency matrix to contain non-binary based values, by in the same time keeping the meaning of those matrices (identity as collecting information regarding the identity of the atoms in the molecule and adjacency as collecting information regarding the connectivity or bonds in the molecule) and their feature (of being symmetrical).
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Burn Wound Infections
The most recent advances on the use of nanoparticles in wound dressing formulations and in tissue engineering for the treatment of burn wound infections.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Silicone Resin-Based Intumescent Paints
Silicone resins are widely applied as coating materials due to their unique properties, especially those related to very good heat resistance. The most important effect on the long-term heat resistance of the coating is connected with the type of resin. Moreover, this structure is stabilized by a chemical reaction between the hydroxyl groups from the organoclay and the silicone resin. The novel trends in application of silicone resins in intumescent paints used mostly for protection of steel structures against fire will be presented based on literature review. Some examples of innovative applications for fire protection of other materials will be also presented. The effect of silicone resin structure and the type of filler used in these paints on the properties of the char formed during the thermal decomposition of the intumescent paint will be discussed in detail. The most frequently used additives are expanded graphite and organoclay. It has been demonstrated that silicate platelets are intercalated in the silicone matrix, significantly increasing its mechanical strength and resulting in high protection against fire.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
MMW Radar in Autonomous Driving
With the rapid development of automated vehicles (AVs), more and more demands are proposed towards environmental perception. Among the commonly used sensors, MMW radar plays an important role due to its low cost, adaptability In different weather, and motion detection capability. Radar can provide different data types to satisfy requirements for various levels of autonomous driving. The objective of this study is to present an overview of the state-of-the-art radar-based technologies applied In AVs. Although several published research papers focus on MMW Radars for intelligent vehicles, no general survey on deep learning applied In radar data for autonomous vehicles exists. Therefore, we try to provide related survey In this paper. First, we introduce models and representations from millimeter-wave (MMW) radar data. Secondly, we present radar-based applications used on AVs. For low-level automated driving, radar data have been widely used In advanced driving-assistance systems (ADAS). For high-level automated driving, radar data is used In object detection, object tracking, motion prediction, and self-localization. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges and future development direction of related studies.
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback