Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
zunaira anwar
 -- 2817 2023-06-25 14:11:31 |
2 layout
Camila Xu
 Meta information modification 2817 2023-06-26 02:53:51 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Anwar, Z.; Ijaz, A.; Ditta, A.; Wang, B.; Liu, F.; Khan, S.M.; Haidar, S.; Hassan, H.M.; Khan, M.K.R. Salt Stress on Cotton Plant. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46013 (accessed on 11 May 2024).
Anwar Z, Ijaz A, Ditta A, Wang B, Liu F, Khan SM, et al. Salt Stress on Cotton Plant. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46013. Accessed May 11, 2024.
Anwar, Zunaira, Aqsa Ijaz, Allah Ditta, Baohua Wang, Fang Liu, Sana Muhy-Ud-Din Khan, Sajjad Haidar, Hafiz Mumtaz Hassan, Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan. "Salt Stress on Cotton Plant" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46013 (accessed May 11, 2024).
Anwar, Z., Ijaz, A., Ditta, A., Wang, B., Liu, F., Khan, S.M., Haidar, S., Hassan, H.M., & Khan, M.K.R. (2023, June 25). Salt Stress on Cotton Plant. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/46013
Anwar, Zunaira, et al. "Salt Stress on Cotton Plant." Encyclopedia. Web. 25 June, 2023.
Salt Stress on Cotton Plant
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/genes14051103

Cotton plants are affected in multiple ways by salt stress, including diminished growth, limited leaf area expansion, and impaired nutrient uptake. The accumulation of cytoplasmic Na+ and Cl- ions, which can lead to cell death, is also a consequence of salt stress. Plant salt stress is a phenomenon that occurs when soil solution contains an excessive amount of salts, leading to the inhibition of plant growth or even death.

salt tolerance cotton marker-assisted selection genotyping by sequencing

1. Introduction

Plant biofibers are extremely valuable in terms of economics and trade. The most important fiber-producing crops are cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), jute (Corchorus capsularis L.), kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) [1][2]. The fibers produced from these plants are of excellent quality and have a high economic value globally [3][4]. Cotton, the most significant crop, serves as the foundation of the textile sector [5][6]. Both cotton fiber and seed have commercial applications [7]. Cotton byproducts are used for a variety of purposes, including as oil, feed, food products, biofuels, and textile materials [8][9].
Climate change has resulted in increased soil salinity [10]. The rise in sea level due to climate change has increased salinity in soil by up to 33 percent from the last 25 years [11][12][13]. Global warming is increasing, resulting in glaciers and ice sheets melting, and the thermal expansion of sea water leads to a rise in sea levels. The obvious outcomes of a rising level are flooding and increased salinity. The latter is seen in increasing salinity in ground as well as surface water via mixing saltwater with fresh water. Salinity is more common in arid regions than in semi-arid regions [14][15]. Heavy/low rainfall and repeated drought conditions have been common because of shifts in weather. Both excessive and insufficient rainfall can influence soil salinity. Abundant rainfall can lower the concentration of salts in the soil by diluting them, resulting in decreased salinity. This is because the rainwater rinses away some of the salt in the soil, creating a less concentrated solution. Conversely, insufficient rainfall can cause an increase in salinity. This is because the salt in the soil is not washed away, resulting in the accumulation of salt over time. Typically, soil salinity is more likely to rise in arid regions with limited rainfall or in locations where the water table is high, enabling saltwater to seep into the soil. The water moves upward and increases salt in the root zone areas of coastal and shallow water table regions. Moreover, soil salinity is affected by periodic episodes of temperature as well as rainfall [16].
Salt stress is the second most prevalent abiotic stress after drought, impairing plant growth and reducing agricultural production worldwide [17][18]. Plant salt stress is a phenomenon that occurs when soil solution contains an excessive amount of salts, leading to the inhibition of plant growth or even death. On a global level, excess salt is the most significant factor that inhibits plant growth. This condition can hinder the absorption of vital nutrients and water required for plant growth, resulting in stunted growth and lower yields [19][20][21]. It can also inflict harm on plant roots, leaves, and other organs, decrease photosynthesis, and disturb the plant’s metabolism [22][23][24].
The world is facing a concerning issue of declining arable land, which has led to heightened competition for grain and fiber crops [7][25]. However, the presence of salts in these soils poses challenges to cotton growth and development, as it disrupts crucial physiological and biochemical processes [26][27]. Moreover, the early developmental stages of cotton are particularly vulnerable to salt stress, which has a significant impact on eventual crop output [28].
Due to poor management practices and lack of regulation, salt stress is getting worse every year. Saline irrigation increases the amount of sodium chloride in the soil, which can lead to soil degradation [28]. Cotton plants are affected in multiple ways by salt stress, including diminished growth, limited leaf area expansion, and impaired nutrient uptake. The accumulation of cytoplasmic Na+ and Cl- ions, which can lead to cell death, is also a consequence of salt stress [13]. Furthermore, it can decrease the activity of metabolic enzymes, contributing to the deterioration of fiber quality [29].

2. Impacts and Responses of Salt Stress on Cotton Plant

A potential avenue for improving cotton performance in saline environments could involve gaining an understanding of how cotton responds to salt, its resistance mechanisms, and effective management approaches. This knowledge could inform the development of strategies to enhance cotton growth and yield in such environments [30].
Salt stress decreases biomass production, stem thickness, reduction in leaf area, root and shoot weight, and yield of seed [31]. Cotton yield decreases at a salinity level of 7.7 dS m−1, and a 50% reduction in output was noted at 17.0 dS m−1 [32]. Under salt stress, fiber strength, length, and micronaire values decrease in both Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, but ginning out-turn increases. However, this increase is accompanied by a decrease in fiber strength, length, and micronaire values in both Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense [31]. In addition, salt stress also decreases the photosynthetic activity and percentage of carotenoid contents, ultimately resulting in poor plant growth. Compared to later stages, salt stress is more detrimental to the germination, emergence, and seedling phases [33]. Salt stress can lead to delayed flowering, a decrease in the number of flowers per plant, an increase in fruit shedding, and a reduction in boll weight. Under salt stress, the concentration of Na+ and Cl+ increases by decreasing the K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentration in cotton leaves. Increasing certain ions can decrease other ions due to competition for uptake by the plant. When a plant is exposed to high concentrations of some ions, such as sodium and chloride ions, they compete with other ions, such as potassium and magnesium, for uptake by the plant. This can result in decreased uptake of the other ions, leading to a decrease in their concentrations in the plant. This competition between ions for uptake is known as ionic competition and can have a significant effect on the overall ion concentrations in the plant [34].
Na+ exclusion has commonly been attributed to salt tolerance in cotton. Cotton is affected by high salinity, resulting in reduced uptake of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N), whereas low salt levels have minimal impact on their absorption [31]. Reduction of metabolic enzyme activity, such as alkaline invertase, sucrose phosphate synthase, and acidic invertase results in low fiber quality under salt stress. For example, Peng and others in 2016 discovered that in two different cotton cultivars, high soil salinity hindered cellulose synthesis, decreased the rate of sucrose conversion, and affected the functions of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes [35].

2.1. Impact of Salt Stress on Cotton Growth

To address the salt stress issue, it is important to comprehend how salt affects cotton at various growth stages.

2.1.1. Root and Shoot

Salt stress is more common in cotton at germination, emergence, and young seedling stages [31]. However, salt stress is more sensitive in seedlings at germination stage than in seedlings at the juvenile stage [30]. A significant reduction in cotton production occurs when there is a decrease in the plant population due to poor germination [36]. The growth of roots is impeded by salt stress as it decreases the number of secondary roots and diminishes the length of roots [37]. Primary root length is reduced with high salt concentration, while secondary root length is similarly slowed by modest salt stress [38]. Root growth is variably reduced according to soil type as salt stress increases. The effects are more obvious in clay and loam soils than in sandy soils [39]. High salt stress has a detrimental impact on vegetative development. Salt stress lowers the ratio of shoots to roots, indicating that shoot growth is more susceptible to salt stress as compared to root growth [30]. Studies conducted at different stages of cotton growth have found that the six-leaf stage is particularly susceptible to the negative impacts of salt stress [40].

2.1.2. Boll Development and Yield

As salt stress increases, cotton yields decrease drastically, which is evidenced by a decrease in the number of bolls and their weight. Furthermore, a reduction in the number of fruit-bearing positions, a delay in blooming, an increase in flowers shedding, and a decrease in the number of bolls per plant due to salt stress all contribute to a reduction in mature bolls [30]. Detrimental impacts of high salt stress on vegetative development eventually delay flowering and might also cause a delay in flower blooming. Irrigating cotton with highly saline water during the budding stage can result in a yield reduction of approximately 90 percent [30].

2.1.3. Fiber Quality

Fiber quality traits are genetically controlled but are influenced by the environment [41][42]. Fiber length, strength, and maturity are all reduced under salt stress, whereas fiber fineness increases. It has been reported that when the Na+ ion percentage is increased, it negatively affects the fiber length, strength, and micronaire values [34][43]. In salt-sensitive cultivars, cellulose content and sucrose transformation rate both dropped considerably with an increase in NaCl level, resulting in fiber quality degradation. Sucrose is accessible in a saline environment, but due to reduced activity of metabolic enzymes such as sucrose phosphate synthase, acidic invertase, and alkaline invertase, it is not effectively transformed into cellulose [35]. Table 1 represents the findings of salt stress effects during various growth stages in cotton.
Table 1. Impact of salt stress on different developmental stages of cotton.
Species Variety Experimental Condition Stress Applied Stress Duration Salt Stress Effect on Cotton References
Gossypium hirsutum L. Xinluzao13 and Klebsiella oxytoca Rs-5 Pot 5 g NaCl 4 weeks Reduced germination rate [44]
Gossypium barbadense L. Giza 90 Pot Diluted sea water 10 days Reduced growth [45]
Gossypium hirsutum L. GXM9 Petri dishes 150 Mm NaCl 6 days Reduced germination [46]
Gossypium hirsutum L. 9807 and Z010 Hydroponic culture 150 Mm NaCl 14 days Reduction in growth [47]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Guoxin No.9 Hydroponic culture 150 Mm NaCl 12 days Decreased plant height [48]
Gossypium hirsutum L. − Pot 150 Mm NaCl 40 days Growth Reduction [49]
Gossypium hirsutum L. BRS Topázio, BRS Safira, BRS Rubi Pot 90 Mm NaCl Vegetative and Flowering stage Reduction in fiber quality and yield [50]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Nongfeng 133 Barrel Planting 7.3 g kg−1
salt stress		 6 months Reduced boll number and size [46]
Gossypium barbadense L. Giza 45 Mini-rhizotron
System		 150 Mm NaCl Two Weeks Reduced root length [51]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Nongfeng 133 Field Brakish water irrigation Throughout study Reduced yield [52]
Gossypium hirsutum L. IR-NIBGE-13 and BS-2018 Pot 200 Mm NaCl One week Reduced plant biomass [5]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Xinluzao 52 Field NaCl and CaCl2 (8.04 dS m−1) 30 days Reduction in biomass [53]
Gossipyum barbadense L. − Pot Diluted sea water (EC = 52 dS m−1) Throughout study Decreased boll weight [54]
Gossypium hirsutum L. C-6524 Petri dishes 100 Mm NaCl and
100 Mm Mg2So4		 5 days Low germination [55]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Zhongmian 41 Hydroponic system 150 mM NaCl 20 days Reduced plant growth [56]
Gossypium hirsutum L. CCRI 35, Z 51504 and CCRI 49 Pot 150 mM NaCl 9 days Reduced shoot dry weight [57]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Simian 3 Pot 150 mM NaCl 30 days Reduced plant biomass [58]
Gossypium hirsutum L. CCRI-79 and Simian 3 Field 11.46 dS m−1
Soil salinity		 Throughout study Reduced fiber quality [35]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Lu-mian-yan No. 24 and Xin-lu-zao No. 45 Pot 0.4% NaCl Throughout study Decreased biomass [59]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Zhong 07 and Zhong G5 Hydroponic system 200 mM NaCl 48 h Stem binding [59]
Gossypium hirsutum L. Xinluzhong-37 Pot 150 mM NaCl 35 days Reduced growth [60]
Gossypium hirsutum L. − Pot 400 mM NaCl 12 h Inhibited growth [61]
Gossypium hirsutum L. − Field Salt affected soil < 7.7 dS m−1. Throughout study Poor seedling emergence and fiber yellowness [62]
Gossypium hirsutum L. NIAB 777 Pot NaCl (17 dS m−1) 40 days Decreased plant height [63]
Gossypium hirsutum L. − Paper germination test 250 mM NaCl 12 days Poor germination rate, reduced seedling growth [64]

2.2. Response of Cotton Plant to Salt Stress

Under conditions of salt stress, soluble salts accumulate in the root zone of cotton, leading to the development of osmotic and ionic stress, as well as disturbances in mineral balance [65], which result in a severe decrease in crop quality and production [66]. Because of osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stressors, salt stress severely affects cotton growth, development and production. As a result, identifying and developing cotton cultivars that can withstand salt stress is a major challenge for sustainable agriculture [67].
Cotton’s most effective response to salt stress either excludes excess sodium or compartmentalization. There is significant potential to create salt-tolerant cotton cultivars by boosting enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant gene expression. Additionally, priming seeds is an efficient method for enhancing cotton germination in saline soils [30].
Seed priming is an economical method of hydrating seeds and promoting rapid, uniform germination. This technique results in reduced imbibition time, increased metabolic activity, and osmotic adjustment. It also triggers molecular changes such as DNA synthesis, protein production, and the accumulation of antioxidants. There are various types of priming methods, including hydropriming (presoaking in water with or without drying), osmopriming (soaking in osmotic solutions such as sugar or mannitol followed by air drying), and hormopriming (soaking in hormone solutions such as auxin or gibberellic acid). These methods have been reviewed in multiple studies [68].
Zhang and fellows in 2021 divulged that melatonin priming can enhance the salt tolerance of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) seedlings under salt stress conditions. According to the study, seedlings that were cultivated from seeds primed with 25 mM melatonin displayed greater root and shoot biomass and increased ion accumulation in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that melatonin priming has a beneficial effect on salt stress tolerance. The study also concluded that melatonin-primed seedlings performed better under saline conditions compared to nonprimed seedlings, indicating the potential for melatonin priming to enhance salt tolerance in cotton plants [66].
Shaheen and colleagues (2015) found that seed priming with KNO3 (1.5%) was found to reduce salt stress in cotton seedlings, improving dry matter and nutrient uptake, as well as shoot and root lengths, biomass, and cation (Ca2+, Na+, and K+) accumulation [69]. Wang and others (2021) also demonstrated that Mepiquat chloride-priming positively improve cotton seed germination and seedling establishment when exposed to salt stresses [70]. According to the report by Ahmadvand and fellows (2012), the priming of cotton seeds with KNO3 resulted in improved germination and seedling growth even when subjected to salt stress [71].
Utilizing marker-assisted selection (MAS) and exploiting the inter- and intravariation in cotton germplasm can be effective in generating salt-resistant variants. Additionally, a transgenic approach could serve as a crucial tool for cultivating cotton in saline conditions. Transgenic approaches involve transferring specific genes from one organism to another in order to achieve desired characteristics. Transgenic methods are quicker than traditional breeding techniques and can enable crossing of genera boundaries. Through the transfer of salt-responsive genes from other sources, transgenic approaches have been utilized to create salt-resistant plants. This technology has already demonstrated successful implementation in cotton [30].
Research studies have shown that the introduction of TsVP, a gene for H+-PPase from Thellungiella halophilla, into transgenic cotton plants can enhance their root and shoot growth, as well as their photosynthetic activity under high salt stress conditions [72]. This is likely the result of TsVP aiding the storage of Na+ and Cl− in the vacuoles, which leads to a decrease in membrane ion leakage and malondialdehyde levels [72]. Expressing the TsVP gene from Thellungiella halophila can enhance cotton emergence, survival, and fiber quality under high saline conditions, while expression of the AVP1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana improves growth and fiber yield in salt-stressed transgenic cotton. Co expression of AtNHX1 and TsVP genes in cotton also boosts emergence rate and yield under high saline environments [73]. In the future, researchers may utilize a combination of conventional techniques and state-of-the-art molecular technologies to breed salt-tolerant plant varieties [30].
There is substantial inter- and intraspecific variation in cotton salt tolerance, which is critical for selection and breeding regarding salt stress [40]. In the context of saline stress, the process of ion exclusion, specifically the exclusion of Na+/Clˉ, is accountable for the uptake and storage of detrimental ions within the tissues of cotton [65]. Several studies have shown that increased levels of K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ in cotton tissues are associated with greater tolerance to saline stress. For instance, Kumar and colleagues in 2020 observed varying levels of inorganic sodium (Na+) accumulation in different cotton genotypes. The salt tolerant genotypes displayed higher potassium (K+)/sodium (Na+) ratios than their salt-sensitive counterparts [67]. Zafar and others during 2020 and 2021 discovered that tolerant cotton genotypes were able to maintain a stable potassium-to-sodium ratio in comparison to salt-sensitive cotton genotypes [27]. In 2003, Ahmad and colleagues conducted a study to investigate the effect of the calcium-to-sodium ratio for salt tolerance in plants. They reported that salt tolerant genotypes exhibited higher calcium-to-sodium ratios in their leaves than salt sensitive ones under saline conditions. The outcomes of the study indicate that calcium may have a pivotal function in the maintenance of proper membrane function and the regulation of its permeability, leading to normal growth in salt tolerant varieties in contrast to salt sensitive ones [74].
Consequently, this parameter can serve as a selection criterion for screening salt tolerant varieties. Genotypes demonstrating elevated antioxidant activity under saline conditions can be considered more tolerant to salt stress [75]. Genetic analysis of growth, fiber characteristics and yield under salt stress have shown to be genetically regulated via different quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Larger genetic additive variance of these traits can be utilized in cotton breeding programs for salt tolerance [76].

References

  1. Yali, W. Polyploidy and its importance in modern plant breeding improvement. Int. J. Agri. Biosci. 2022, 11, 6.
  2. Zafar, M.M.; Mustafa, G.; Shoukat, F.; Idrees, A.; Ali, A.; Sharif, F.; Shakeel, A.; Mo, H.; Youlu, Y.; Ali, Q.; et al. Heterologous expression of cry3Bb1 and cry3 genes for enhanced resistance against insect pests in cotton. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 10878.
  3. Akram, N.A.; Shafiq, F.; Ashraf, M.; Iqbal, M.; Ahmad, P. Advances in salt tolerance of some major fiber crops through classical and advanced biotechnological tools: A Review. J. Plant Growth Regul. 2021, 40, 891–905.
  4. Zafar, M.M.; Rehman, A.; Razzaq, A.; Parvaiz, A.; Mustafa, G.; Sharif, F.; Mo, H.; Youlu, Y.; Shakeel, A.; Ren, M. Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of Erf gene family in cotton. BMC Plant Biol. 2022, 22, 134.
  5. Munawar, W.; Hameed, A.; Khan, M.K.R. Differential morphophysiological and biochemical responses of cotton genotypes under various salinity stress levels during early growth stage. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 622309.
  6. Hassan, A.; Naseer, A.; Shahani, A.A.A.; Aziz, S.; Khalid, M.N.; Mushtaq, N.; Munir, M.A. Assessment of fiber and yield related traits in mutant population of cotton. Int. J. Agri. Biosci. 2022, 11, 8.
  7. Chaudhry, U.F.; Khalid, N.M.; Aziz, S.; Amjad, I.; Khalid, A.; Noor, H.; Sajid, H.B. Genetic studies in different F2 segregating population for yield and fiber quality traits in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int. J. Agri. Biosci. 2022, 11, 11.
  8. Sunilkumar, G.; Campbell, L.M.; Puckhaber, L.; Stipanovic, R.D.; Rathore, K.S. Engineering cottonseed for use in human nutrition by tissue-specific reduction of toxic gossypol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 18054–18059.
  9. Laghari, A.H.; Mari, M.J.; Chang, M.S.; Hakro, S.A.; Vistro, R. Comparative analysis and function of multiprotein bridging factor 1 (MBF1) genes in cotton. Int. J. Agri. Biosci. 2022, 11, 17.
  10. Noman, M.U.; Azhar, S. Metabolomics, a Potential Way to Improve Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Cereal Crops. Int. J. Agric. Biosci. 2023, 12, 47–55.
  11. Zahra, N.; Hafeez, M.B.; Wahid, A.; Al Masruri, M.H.; Ullah, A.; Siddique, K.H.; Farooq, M. Impact of climate change on wheat grain composition and quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2022, 103, 2745–2751.
  12. Rahman, A.; Ahmed, K.; Butler, A.; Hoque, M. Influence of surface geology and micro-scale land use on the shallow subsurface salinity in deltaic coastal areas: A case from southwest Bangladesh. Environ. Earth Sci. 2018, 77, 1–8.
  13. Nawaz, M.S.; Sami, S.A.; Bano, M.; Khan, M.R.; Anwar, Z.; Ijaz, A.; Ahmed, T. Impact of Salt Stress on Cotton. Int. J. Agric. Biosci. 2023, 12, 98–103.
  14. Hashem, A.; Alqarawi, A.A.; Radhakrishnan, R.; Al-Arjani, A.-B.F.; Aldehaish, H.A.; Egamberdieva, D.; Abd_Allah, E.F. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi regulate the oxidative system, hormones and ionic equilibrium to trigger salt stress tolerance in Cucumis sativus L. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 2018, 25, 1102–1114.
  15. Iqbal, S.; Basra, S.M.; Afzal, I.; Wahid, A.; Saddiq, M.S.; Hafeez, M.B.; Jacobsen, S.E. Yield potential and salt tolerance of quinoa on salt-degraded soils of Pakistan. J. Agron. Crop. Sci. 2019, 205, 13–21.
  16. Ullah, A.; Bano, A.; Khan, N. Climate change and salinity effects on crops and chemical communication between plants and plant growth-promoting microorganisms under stress. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 2021, 5, 161.
  17. Hafeez, M.B.; Raza, A.; Zahra, N.; Shaukat, K.; Akram, M.Z.; Iqbal, S.; Basra, S.M.A. Gene regulation in halophytes in conferring salt tolerance. In Handbook of Bioremediation; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2021; pp. 341–370.
  18. Saddiq, M.S.; Iqbal, S.; Afzal, I.; Ibrahim, A.M.; Bakhtavar, M.A.; Hafeez, M.B.; Jahanzaib; Maqbool, M.M. Mitigation of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings through physiological seed enhancements. J. Plant Nutr. 2019, 42, 1192–1204.
  19. Granaz, K.; Shaukat, G.; Baksh, N.; Zahra, M.B.; Hafeez, A.; Raza, A.; Samad, A.; Nizar, M.; Wahid, A. Foliar application of thiourea, salicylic acid, and kinetin alleviate salinity stress in maize grown under etiolated and de-etiolated conditions. Discov. Food 2022, 2, 27.
  20. Saddiq, M.S.; Iqbal, S.; Hafeez, M.B.; Ibrahim, A.M.; Raza, A.; Fatima, E.M.; Baloch, H.; Woodrow, P.; Ciarmiello, L.F. Effect of salinity stress on physiological changes in winter and spring wheat. Agronomy 2021, 11, 1193.
  21. Shahid, S.; Kausar, A.; Zahra, N.; Hafeez, M.B.; Raza, A.; Ashraf, M.Y. Methionine-Induced Regulation of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidants in Maize (Zea mays L.) Subjected to Salinity Stress. Gesunde Pflanz. 2022, 1–13.
  22. Zhu, J.-K. Plant salt stress. eLS. 2007. Available online: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001300.pub2 (accessed on 1 December 2022).
  23. Zahra, N.; Al Hinai, M.S.; Hafeez, M.B.; Rehman, A.; Wahid, A.; Siddique, K.H.; Farooq, M. Regulation of photosynthesis under salt stress and associated tolerance mechanisms. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2022, 178, 55–69.
  24. Huang, P.; He, L.; Abbas, A.; Hussain, S.; Hussain, S.; Du, D.; Hafeez, M.B.; Balooch, S.; Zahra, N.; Ren, X. Seed priming with sorghum water extract improves the performance of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) crantz.) under salt stress. Plants 2021, 10, 749.
  25. Peng, Z.; He, S.; Gong, W.; Xu, F.; Pan, Z.; Jia, Y.; Geng, X.; Du, X. Integration of proteomic and transcriptomic profiles reveals multiple levels of genetic regulation of salt tolerance in cotton. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 1–19.
  26. Shehzad, M.; Shafeeq-ur-rahman, D.A.; Iqbal, M.; Malik, T.; Hussain, S.; Khan, M.; Ramzan, M. Effect of salinity stress on Cotton growth and role of marker assisted breeding and agronomic practices (chemical, biological and physical) for salinity tolerance. Sch. Rep. 2019, 4, 1.
  27. Zafar, M.M.; Shakeel, A.; Haroon, M.; Manan, A.; Sahar, A.; Shoukat, A.; Mo, H.; Farooq, M.A.; Ren, M. Effects of salinity stress on some growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm. J. Nat. Fibers 2022, 19, 8854–8886.
  28. Ahmed, N.; Chaudhry, U.K.; Ali, M.A.; Ahmad, F.; Sarfraz, M.; Hussain, S. Salinity Tolerance in Cotton. In Cotton Production and Uses: Agronomy, Crop Protection, and Postharvest Technologies; Ahmad, S., Hasanuzzaman, M., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; pp. 367–391.
  29. Yildiz, M.; Poyraz, İ.; Çavdar, A.; Özgen, Y.; Beyaz, R. Plant responses to salt stress. In Plant Breeding—Current and Future Views; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2020.
  30. Sharif, I.; Aleem, S.; Farooq, J.; Rizwan, M.; Younas, A.; Sarwar, G.; Chohan, S.M. Salinity stress in cotton: Effects, mechanism of tolerance and its management strategies. Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants 2019, 25, 807–820.
  31. Ahmad, S.; Iqbal, M.Z.; Hussain, A.; Hassan, M. Salt tolerance of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Asian J. Plant Sci. 2002, 1, 715–719.
  32. Ashraf, M.; Ahmad, S. Influence of sodium chloride on ion accumulation, yield components and fibre characteristics in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive lines of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Field Crops Res. 2000, 66, 115–127.
  33. Rocha-Munive, M.G.; Soberón, M.; Castañeda, S.; Niaves, E.; Scheinvar, E.; Eguiarte, L.E.; Mota-Sánchez, D.; Rosales-Robles, E.; Nava-Camberos, U.; Martínez-Carrillo, J.L. Evaluation of the impact of genetically modified cotton after 20 years of cultivation in Mexico. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2018, 6, 82.
  34. Zafar, M.M.; Razzaq, A.; Farooq, M.A.; Rehman, A.; Firdous, H.; Shakeel, A.; Mo, H.; Ren, M.; Ashraf, M.; Youlu, Y. Genetic variation studies of ionic and within boll yield components in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Under salt stress. J. Nat. Fibers 2022, 19, 3063–3082.
  35. Peng, J.; Zhang, L.; Liu, J.; Luo, J.; Zhao, X.; Dong, H.; Ma, Y.; Sui, N.; Zhou, Z.; Meng, Y. Effects of soil salinity on sucrose metabolism in cotton fiber. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0156398.
  36. Saqib, M.; Akhtar, J.; Pervaiz, S.; Qureshi, R.H.; Aslam, M. Comparative growth performance of five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes against different levels of salinity. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 2002, 39, 69–75.
  37. Zou, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Testerink, C. Root dynamic growth strategies in response to salinity. Plant Cell Environ. 2022, 45, 695–704.
  38. Leidi, E.O.; Saiz, J. Is salinity tolerance related to Na accumulation in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings? Plant Soil. 1997, 190, 67–75.
  39. Shahid, S.A.; Zaman, M.; Heng, L. Introduction to soil salinity, sodicity and diagnostics techniques. In Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; pp. 1–42.
  40. Ashraf, M. Salt tolerance of cotton: Some new advances. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 2002, 21, 1–30.
  41. Razzaq, A.; Zafar, M.M.; Ali, A.; Hafeez, A.; Sharif, F.; Guan, X.; Deng, X.; Pengtao, L.; Shi, Y.; Haroon, M.J.F.i.G. The pivotal role of major chromosomes of sub-genomes A and D in fiber quality traits of cotton. Front.Genet. 2021, 12.
  42. Razzaq, A.; Zafar, M.M.; Li, P.; Qun, G.; Deng, X.; Ali, A.; Hafeez, A.; Irfan, M.; Liu, A.; Ren, M.J.F.i.P.S. Transformation and Overexpression of Primary Cell Wall Synthesis-Related Zinc Finger Gene Gh_A07G1537 to Improve Fiber Length in Cotton. Front. Plant Sci. 2021, 12, 2561.
  43. Bilal, H.; Shakeel, A.; Chattha, W.S.; Tehseen, M.; AZHAR, S.A.; Rizwan, M. Genetic variability studies of seed cotton yield and fibre quality in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown under salinity stress. Pak. J. Bot. 2022, 54, 1995–1999.
  44. Yue, H.; Mo, W.; Li, C.; Zheng, Y.; Li, H. The salt stress relief and growth promotion effect of Rs-5 on cotton. Plant Soil. 2007, 297, 139–145.
  45. El-Beltagi, H.S.; Ahmed, S.H.; Namich, A.A.M.; Abdel-Sattar, R.R. Effect of salicylic acid and potassium citrate on cotton plant under salt stress. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 2017, 26, 1091–1100.
  46. Chen, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, J.; Cao, W. Effects of Different Salt Stress on Physiological Growth and Yield of Drip Irrigation Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Intell. Autom. Soft Comput. 2020, 26, 949–959.
  47. Li, L.; Qi, Q.; Zhang, H.; Dong, Q.; Iqbal, A.; Gui, H.; Kayoumu, M.; Song, M.; Zhang, X.; Wang, X. Ameliorative Effects of Silicon against Salt Stress in Gossypium hirsutum L. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1520.
  48. Jiang, D.; Lu, B.; Liu, L.; Duan, W.; Chen, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, K.; Sun, H.; Zhang, Y.; Dong, H. Exogenous melatonin improves salt stress adaptation of cotton seedlings by regulating active oxygen metabolism. PeerJ 2020, 8, e10486.
  49. Ma, Y.; Wei, Z.; Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Liu, F. Growth and physiological responses of cotton plants to salt stress. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2021, 207, 565–576.
  50. Soares, L.A.d.A.; Fernandes, P.D.; Lima, G.S.d.; Suassuna, J.F.; Brito, M.E.; Sá, F.V.d.S. Growth and fiber quality of colored cotton under salinity management strategies. Rev. Bras. Eng. Agrícola. Ambient. 2018, 22, 332–337.
  51. Mottaleb, S.A.; Darwish, E.; Mostafa, M.; Safwat, G. Phenotyping root system architecture of cotton (gossypium barbadense L.) grown under salinity. Agriculture 2017, 63, 142.
  52. Ren, F.; Yang, G.; Li, W.; He, X.; Gao, Y.; Tian, L.; Li, F.; Wang, Z.; Liu, S. Yield-compatible salinity level for growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under mulched drip irrigation using saline water. Agric. Water Manag. 2021, 250, 106859.
  53. Wei, M.; Guo, H.-J.; Zhang, W.; Zhou, G.-W.; Jun, Y.; Hou, Z.-A. Irrigation water salinity and N fertilization: Effects on ammonia oxidizer abundance, enzyme activity and cotton growth in a drip irrigated cotton field. J. Integr. Agric. 2016, 15, 1121–1131.
  54. Hussein, M.; Abou-Baker, N. The contribution of nano-zinc to alleviate salinity stress on cotton plants. R. Soc. Open Sci. 2018, 5, 171809.
  55. Egamberdieva, D.; Jabborova, D.; Hashem, A. Pseudomonas induces salinity tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and resistance to Fusarium root rot through the modulation of indole-3-acetic acid. Saudi. J. Biol. Sci. 2015, 22, 773–779.
  56. Ibrahim, W.; Ahmed, I.M.; Chen, X.; Cao, F.; Zhu, S.; Wu, F. Genotypic differences in photosynthetic performance, antioxidant capacity, ultrastructure and nutrients in response to combined stress of salinity and Cd in cotton. Biometals 2015, 28, 1063–1078.
  57. Wang, N.; Qi, H.; Su, G.; Yang, J.; Zhou, H.; Xu, Q.; Huang, Q.; Yan, G. Genotypic variations in ion homeostasis, photochemical efficiency and antioxidant capacity adjustment to salinity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr. 2016, 62, 240–246.
  58. Dai, J.; Duan, L.; Dong, H. Improved nutrient uptake enhances cotton growth and salinity tolerance in saline media. J. Plant Nutr. 2014, 37, 1269–1286.
  59. Guo, H.; Li, S.; Min, W.; Ye, J.; Hou, Z. Ionomic and transcriptomic analyses of two cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.) provide insights into the ion balance mechanism of cotton under salt stress. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0226776.
  60. Hamani, A.K.M.; Chen, J.; Soothar, M.K.; Wang, G.; Shen, X.; Gao, Y.; Qiu, R. Application of exogenous protectants mitigates salt-induced Na+ toxicity and sustains cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling growth: Comparison of glycine betaine and salicylic acid. Plants 2021, 10, 380.
  61. Long, L.; Yang, W.-W.; Liao, P.; Guo, Y.-W.; Kumar, A.; Gao, W. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed ERF transcription factors associated with salt response in cotton. Plant Sci. 2019, 281, 72–81.
  62. Ganjegunte, G.K.; Clark, J.A.; Parajulee, M.N.; Enciso, J.; Kumar, S. Salinity management in pima cotton fields using sulfur burner. Agrosystems Geosci. Environ. 2018, 1, 1–10.
  63. Shahzad, A.N.; Qureshi, M.K.; Ullah, S.; Latif, M.; Ahmad, S.; Bukhari, S.A.H. Exogenous trehalose improves cotton growth by modulating antioxidant defense under salinity-induced osmotic stress. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 2020, 33, 270–279.
  64. Ergin, N.; Kulan, E.; Gözükara, M.; Muhammed, K.; Çetin, Ş.; Kaya, M.D. Response of germination and seedling development of cotton to salinity under optimal and suboptimal temperatures. KSÜ Tarım Doğa Derg 2021, 24, 108–115.
  65. Peng, Z.; He, S.; Sun, J.; Pan, Z.; Gong, W.; Lu, Y.; Du, X. Na+ compartmentalization related to salinity stress tolerance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 1–14.
  66. Gao, W.; Xu, F.-C.; Guo, D.-D.; Zhao, J.-R.; Liu, J.; Guo, Y.-W.; Singh, P.K.; Ma, X.-N.; Long, L.; Botella, J.R. Calcium-dependent protein kinases in cotton: Insights into early plant responses to salt stress. BMC Plant Biol. 2018, 18, 1–15.
  67. Sikder, R.K.; Wang, X.; Jin, D.; Zhang, H.; Gui, H.; Dong, Q.; Pang, N.; Zhang, X.; Song, M. Screening and evaluation of reliable traits of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes for salt tolerance at the seedling growth stage. J. Cotton Res. 2020, 3, 1–13.
  68. Chakma, S.P.; Chileshe, S.M.; Thomas, R.; Krishna, P. Cotton seed priming with brassinosteroid promotes germination and seedling growth. Agronomy 2021, 11, 566.
  69. Shaheen, H.L.; Iqbal, M.; Azeem, M.; Shahbaz, M.; Shehzadi, M. K-priming positively modulates growth and nutrient status of salt-stressed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedlings. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 2016, 62, 759–768.
  70. Wang, N.; Wang, X.; Shi, J.; Liu, X.; Xu, Q.; Zhou, H.; Song, M.; Yan, G. Mepiquat chloride-priming induced salt tolerance during seed germination of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) through regulating water transport and K+/Na+ homeostasis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2019, 159, 168–178.
  71. Ahmadvand, G.; Soleymani, F.; Saadatian, B.; Pouya, M. Effects of seed priming on seed germination and seedling emergence of cotton under salinity stress. World Appl. Sci. J. 2012, 20, 1453–1458.
  72. Lv, S.; Zhang, K.; Gao, Q.; Lian, L.; Song, Y.; Zhang, J. Overexpression of an H+-PPase gene from Thellungiella halophila in cotton enhances salt tolerance and improves growth and photosynthetic performance. Plant Cell Physiol. 2008, 49, 1150–1164.
  73. Ali, M.; Nazish, T.; Javaid, A.; Zhu, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, H.; Wu, J.; Xiang, C.; Wu, S.; Alfatih, A. Evaluation of Thellungiella halophila ST7 for improving salt tolerance in cotton. J. Cotton Res. 2022, 5, 1–11.
  74. Ahmad, S.; Khan, N.U.; Iqbal, M.; Attique Sadiq, M.; Hussain, A. Influence of Sodium Chloride on Ion Accumulation and Fibre Quality in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). OnLine J. Biol. Sci. 2003, 3, 699–710.
  75. Shahid, M.A.; Sarkhosh, A.; Khan, N.; Balal, R.M.; Ali, S.; Rossi, L.; Gómez, C.; Mattson, N.; Nasim, W.; Garcia-Sanchez, F. Insights into the physiological and biochemical impacts of salt stress on plant growth and development. Agronomy 2020, 10, 938.
  76. Nabi, G.; Azhar, F.; Khan, A.A. Genetic mechanisms controlling variation for salinity tolerance in upland cotton at plant maturity. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 2010, 12, 521–526.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Agricultural Economics & Policy
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Zunaira Anwar
,
Aqsa Ijaz
,
Allah Ditta
,
Baohua Wang
,
Fang Liu
,
Sana Muhy-Ud-Din Khan
,
Sajjad Haidar
,
Hafiz Mumtaz Hassan
,
Muhammad Kashif Riaz Khan
View Times: 450
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 26 Jun 2023
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Feedback