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Topic Review
Growth Hormone Deficiency for Oral-Health
Growth hormone (GH) is involved in the regulation of the postnatal dental and skeletal growth, but its effects on oral health have not been clearly defined. This paper aims to provide a review of current clinical knowledge of dental caries, tooth wear, developmental enamel defects, craniofacial growth and morphology, dental maturation, and tooth eruption in growth hormone deficient (GHD) children. A systematic review was carried out using Scopus, MEDLINE-EbscoHost and Web of Science from 2000 to May 2021.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Brief History of Yellow Fever Virus Research
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus circulating throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and South America. Being the first human virus to be discovered, YFV has an interesting history.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
High-Altitude Wind Power
High-altitude wind power (HAWP) is the harnessing of the power of winds high in the sky by use of tether and cable technology. An atlas of the high-altitude wind power resource has been prepared for all points on Earth. A similar atlas of global assessment was developed at Joby Energy. The results were presented at the first annual Airborne Wind Energy Conference held at Stanford University by Airborne Wind Energy Consortium. Various mechanisms are proposed for capturing the kinetic energy of winds such as kites, kytoons, aerostats, gliders, gliders with turbines for regenerative soaring, sailplanes with turbines, or other airfoils, including multiple-point building- or terrain-enabled holdings. Once the mechanical energy is derived from the wind's kinetic energy, then many options are available for using that mechanical energy: direct traction, conversion to electricity aloft or at ground station, conversion to laser or microwave for power beaming to other aircraft or ground receivers. Energy generated by a high-altitude system may be used aloft or sent to the ground surface by conducting cables, mechanical force through a tether, rotation of endless line loop, movement of changed chemicals, flow of high-pressure gases, flow of low-pressure gases, or laser or microwave power beams.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Maximin Share
Maximin share (MMS) is a criterion of fair item allocation. Given a set of items with different values, the 1-out-of-n maximin-share is the maximum value that can be gained by partitioning the items into n parts and taking the part with the minimum value. An allocation of items among n agents with different valuations is called MMS-fair if each agent gets a bundle that is at least as good as his/her 1-out-of-n maximin-share. MMS fairness was invented by Eric Budish as a relaxation of the criterion of proportionality - each agent gets a bundle that is at least as good as the equal split (1/n of every resource). Proportionality can be guaranteed when the items are divisible, but not when they are indivisible, even if all agents have identical valuations. In contrast, MMS fairness can always be guaranteed to identical agents, so it is a natural alternative to proportionality even when the agents are different.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review Video
Metaverse-Related Technologies and Applications
The definition of the Metaverse is a virtual space where users can interact with one another, and with their environment, via 3D digital objects and virtual avatars, in a complex manner that mimics the real world, holding things developed using artificial intelligence techniques; therefore, creating digital humans is essential to the development of the Metaverse and other Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Extended Reality (XR) applications.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of Nanomaterials in Enhanced Oil Recovery
The implementation of nanoparticles in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques is a novel method that has proven to increase the recovery of oil in place more than conventional EOR processes in most cases. The main aim of integrating nanoparticles in EOR methods is to boost the performance of each EOR technique by enhancing one or more parameters or mechanisms related to the recovery method. Sometimes, adding nanoparticles to the EOR method might reduce oil recovery due to porosity reduction, injection blockage, aggregation, and settling problems. The utilization of nanomaterials in several EOR applications comes with many benefits, such as IFT reduction, wettability alteration, and mobility improvement.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Advances in the Biosynthesis of L-Cysteine
L-Cysteine is a widely used unique sulfur-containing amino acid with wide application in the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Health and Wellness Tourism in Portugal
Health and wellness tourism is an emerging tourist product in the Portuguese context, as it incorporates a great potential to adapt to the challenges that the present time imposes.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Strigolactone Biosynthesis, and Signaling Pathways
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Discriminative Measurement for Radon Isotopes
Radon and thoron measurement studies have been widely conducted and reported all over the world. Generally, the techniques used relate to the passive nuclear track detectors. Though some surveys shown that passive monitors for radon are sensitive to thoron, and hence the measured results might be probably overestimated the radon concentration. This study investigated the radon and thoron measurement in domestic and international using passive radon-thoron discriminative measuring device, commercially named RADUET. This paper attempts to provide an understanding and evident roadmap for discriminative measurements of radon isotopes.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Street Gang Intervention
Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. The Good Lives Model was proposed as a framework for street gang intervention.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
EphA2 Signaling in tumors
The Eph receptors represent the largest group among Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The Eph/ephrin signaling axis plays center stage during development, and the deep perturbation of signaling consequent to its dysregulation in cancer reveals the multiplicity and complexity underlying its function. In the last decades, they have emerged as key players in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). EphA2 is involved in tumor progression and resistance to therapy.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Carbon-Based Nanofluids
Carbon-based nanofluids are made of ND, graphene, and CNT, etc., and can be employed in some of the commonly known thermal applications in the energy industry. In addition, it possess the most favorable thermal properties and, when well handled, physical properties compared to any other type of nanofluids or conventional fluids. This is because these carbon-based materials, when dispersed in a base fluid attain unique features such as high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, high heat transfer rate, and lower pressure drop in the working system compared to other types of dispersed nanomaterials. Furthermore, the aforementioned suspensions cause the least corrosion and erosion effects on the hosting device, all of which are crucial parameters for the operation cycle. Moreover, the influence of the stability of these suspensions on their thermophysical properties was also highlighted along with the development in these properties prediction correlations.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Discovery of Infrared Radiation
This entry is mainly about the story of infrared radiation
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Neuropathy Associated with Dinutuximab in Neuroblastoma Patients
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, with a median age at diagnosis of 17 months. Its incidence is 10.2 cases per million children aged <15 years. Neuroblastoma arises in tissues of the sympathetic nervous system, mostly in the adrenal medulla or paraspinal ganglia. It appears as a mass in the abdomen, pelvis, neck, or chest, with about half of the patients having metastatic disease at diagnosis. The presence of metastatic diseases over the age of 12 or 18 months and aggressive biological features (e.g., MYCN oncogene amplification) define high-risk neuroblastoma. The prognosis for such patients is poor, with a long-term survival rate of only 40%.
  • 1.7K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Live Streaming and Consumer Purchase Intentions
As a new business model, live-streaming commerce has great commercial value. Interactivity, visualization, entertainment, and professionalization play considerable roles in consumer behavioral responses and that their psychological mechanisms are different. Male respondents are more satisfied with interactivity than females. E-commerce platforms are more interactive, visible and professional than social media platforms, and the trust mechanism of social media platforms is immature.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Malnutrition in Hospitalized Old Patients
Malnutrition in hospitalized patients represents a heavy healthcare burden worldwide. Indeed, malnutrition in hospitalized patients worsens both prognosis and quality of life by increasing mortality, morbidity, and infection rate, extending the hospital stay, reducing the response to medical treatment, and increasing both the re-hospitalization rate and health expenditure.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Loopholes in Bell Test Experiments
In Bell test experiments, there may be problems of experimental design or set-up that affect the validity of the experimental findings. These problems are often referred to as "loopholes". See the article on Bell's theorem for the theoretical background to these experimental efforts (see also John Stewart Bell). The purpose of the experiment is to test whether nature is best described using a local hidden variable theory or by the quantum entanglement theory of quantum mechanics. The "detection efficiency", or "fair sampling" problem is the most prevalent loophole in optical experiments. Another loophole that has more often been addressed is that of communication, i.e. locality. There is also the "disjoint measurement" loophole which entails multiple samples used to obtain correlations as compared to "joint measurement" where a single sample is used to obtain all correlations used in an inequality. To date, no test has simultaneously closed all loopholes. Ronald Hanson of the Delft University of Technology claims the first Bell experiment that closes both the detection and the communication loopholes. (This was not an optical experiment in the sense discussed below; the entangled degrees of freedom were electron spins rather than photon polarization.) Nevertheless, correlations of classical optical fields also violate Bell's inequality. In some experiments there may be additional defects that make "local realist" explanations of Bell test violations possible; these are briefly described below. Many modern experiments are directed at detecting quantum entanglement rather than ruling out local hidden variable theories, and these tasks are different since the former accepts quantum mechanics at the outset (no entanglement without quantum mechanics). This is regularly done using Bell's theorem, but in this situation the theorem is used as an entanglement witness, a dividing line between entangled quantum states and separable quantum states, and is as such not as sensitive to the problems described here. In October 2015, scientists from the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience reported that the Quantum nonlocality phenomenon is supported at the 96% confidence level based on a "loophole-free Bell test" study. These results were confirmed by two studies with statistical significance over 5 standard deviations which were published in December 2015. However, Alain Aspect writes that No experiment can be said to be totally loophole-free.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Complication
A complication in medicine, or medical complication, is an unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, or treatment. Complications may adversely affect the prognosis, or outcome, of a disease. Complications generally involve a worsening in severity of disease or the development of new signs, symptoms, or pathological changes which may become widespread throughout the body and affect other organ systems. Thus, complications may lead to the development of new diseases resulting from a previously existing disease. Complications may also arise as a result of various treatments. The development of complications depends on a number of factors, including the degree of vulnerability, susceptibility, age, health status, and immune system condition. Knowledge of the most common and severe complications of a disease, procedure, or treatment allow for prevention and preparation for treatment if they should occur. Complications are not to be confused with sequelae, which are residual effects that occur after the acute (initial, most severe) phase of an illness or injury. Sequelae can appear early in the development of disease or weeks to months later and are a result of the initial injury or illness. For example, a scar resulting from a burn or dysphagia resulting from a stroke would be considered sequelae. In addition, complications should not be confused with comorbidities, which are diseases that occur concurrently but have no causative association.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Through fermentation, the gut microbiota can produce several types of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs play an important role in maintaining epithelial barrier functions and intestinal homeostasis. 
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2022
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