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Topic Review
International Space Station Program
The International Space Station program is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. These agreements tie together the five space agencies and their respective International Space Station programs and govern how they interact with each other on a daily basis to maintain station operations, from traffic control of spacecraft to and from the station, to utilization of space and crew time. In March 2010, the International Space Station Program Managers from each of the five partner agencies were presented with Aviation Week's Laureate Award in the Space category, and NASA's International Space Station Program was awarded the 2009 Collier Trophy.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Immunotherapies
Involvement of the immune system in biological therapies specifically targeting tumor microenvironment has been suggested. Substantial advancement in the treatment of malignant tumors utilizing immune cells, most importantly T cells that play a key role in cell-mediated immunity, have led to success in clinical trials. 
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Proximal Sensing
Proximal sensing techniques denote several non-invasive technologies in which the target objects—in the present context, cultural heritage manufacts—are placed within a short distance of the sensor, detector or camera lens collecting the data. Depending on the technology employed and the study purpose, the sensors/detectors work in different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, from X-ray to ultraviolet (UV), from visible (VIS) to infrared (IR) and, further, from microwave to radio.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
European Mouflon on Vegetation
The mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) is an introduced ungulate in continental Europe. It has adapted well to its occupied habitats over the last 150 years. Its growing population has drawn increasing attention to its impact on autochthonous species, especially in endangered ecosystems. Its allochthonous character, habitat selection, and feeding led scientists to question the raison d’etre of mouflons. The mouflon’s space use and foraging strategies highlighted some pressure elements it exerts on those habitats. Mouflon trampling damage may be behind the degradation of rare, endangered grasslands.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Impacts of Nut Consumption
Nuts have shown they are key foods in dietary patterns associated with lower chronic disease risk. Nuts emerge as a significant source of protein in plant-based diets and are a minimally processed and sustainable food. Research in this area is evolving to drive better production methods in varying climate conditions. Nevertheless, nut consumption remains an important contributor to human health. 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Zoos as Conservation Institutions
Zoological institutions, which were once exclusively for entertainment, are now leaders of wildlife conservation. This centuries-long transition was punctuated by key milestones that reformed wild animal exploitation into a mission of protection. Modern zoos perform ex situ activities to preserve natural resources, which are enabled by the housing of wild species. Zoo-managed animals facilitate new scientific knowledge, public education, and strategic breeding to maintain genetic diversity.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Mergers and Acquisitions Activity
The term mergers and acquisition (M&A) is used to refer to the financial transaction by which two or more different entities consolidate in view of creating synergies that can be exemplified by gains in operational efficiency and/or increased capabilities. More particularly, the term “mergers” entails the joining of two comparable sized companies in view of creating a new entity, while the term “acquisitions” describes the absorption of a company by a (typically) larger one. While all M&A proceedings are all unique in value and type, they all aim at supporting the strategic mission and vision of the parties involved.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pervious Concrete Mixes and Impact on Natural Fibers
Pervious concrete (PC), also known as porous or permeable concrete, is a structural type of concrete that possesses a relatively large void content ranging between 15 and 35%, which allows fluids and gases to pass through them, thus eliminating ponding potential on the surface.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Metallic Heritage Coatings
Coatings to be applied on metallic heritage should satisfy complex requirements. This overview presents the main issues to be considered both from a Materials Science view and from a conservation-restoration one. The corrosion mechanism for outdoor bronze monuments is outlined with some of the research project which addressed the need for more affective treatments.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
NOx Emission Reduction and Recovery
Since its first confirmed case at the end of 2019, COVID-19 has become a global pandemic in three months with more than 1.4 million confirmed cases worldwide, as of early April 2020. Quantifying the changes of pollutant emissions due to COVID-19 and associated governmental control measures is crucial to understand its impacts on economy, air pollution, and society. We used the WRF-GC model and the tropospheric NO2 column observations retrieved by the TROPOMI instrument to derive the top-down NOx emission change estimation between the three periods: P1 (January 1st to January 22nd, 2020), P2 (January 23rd, Wuhan lockdown, to February 9th, 2020), and P3 (February 10th, back-to-work day, to March 12th, 2020). We found that NOx emissions in East China averaged during P2 decreased by 50% compared to those averaged during P1. The NOx emissions averaged during P3 increased by 26% compared to those during P2. Most provinces in East China gradually regained some of their NOx emissions after February 10, the official back-to-work day, but NOx emissions in most provinces have not yet to return to their previous levels in early January. NOx emissions in Wuhan, the first epicenter of COVID-19, had no sign of emission recovering by March 12. A few provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shanxi, have recovered fast, with their averaged NOx emissions during P3 almost back to pre-lockdown levels.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Obesity
Adipose tissue (AT) storage capacity is central in the maintenance of whole-body homeostasis, especially in obesity states. However, sustained nutrients overflow may dysregulate this function resulting in adipocytes hypertrophy, AT hypoxia, inflammation and oxidative stress. Other factors such as systemic inflammation and lifestyle behaviours may also contribute to the disruption of AT redox equilibrium and exacerbate obesity-associated oxidative stress. 
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Electrical Source Imaging
Electrical Source Imaging (ESI) is an imaging technique utilized to localize the activated brain regions by incorporating temporal and spatial components from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. 
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Semantic Trajectory and Recommender Systems in Cultural Spaces
Semantic trajectories can efficiently model human movement for further analysis and pattern recognition, while personalised recommender systems can adapt to constantly changing user needs and provide meaningful and optimised suggestions. 
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Integrated Green Hydrogen Production Processes
The thermochemical water-splitting method is a promising technology for efficiently converting renewable thermal energy sources into green hydrogen. Thermochemical water splitting uses a high-temperature source, e.g., nuclear energy, waste heat, or concentrated solar systems, to convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through cyclic chemical reactions. Several promising routes have been proposed for hydrogen production through green technologies such as biological processes (such as CO gas-fermentation, dark fermentation, etc.), electrical (such as alkaline electrolysis cell, anion exchange membrane electrolysis cell, proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, solid oxide electrolysis cell, etc.), photonic (bio-photolysis, photofermentation, etc.), thermochemical, etc.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Mitochondria in Kidney Diseases
Kidney function highly depends on mitochondria, organelles that regulate different metabolic pathways. Mitochondria-altered function and structure are present during acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gāndhārī Language
Gāndhārī is the modern name, coined by scholar Harold Walter Bailey (in 1946), for a Prakrit language found mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the northwestern region of Gandhāra. The language was heavily used by the former Buddhist cultures of Central Asia and has been found as far away as eastern China, in inscriptions at Luoyang and Anyang. Gāndhārī Prakrit appears to be descended from, or heavily influenced by, Vedic Sanskrit or a closely related language, although there is an ongoing debate about the question of whether some Prakrits were originally non-prestige contemporaries and/or antecedents of Sanskrit. It appears on coins, inscriptions and texts, notably the Gandhāran Buddhist texts. It is notable among the Prakrits for having some archaic phonology (some being characteristic of the Dardic languages of the modern region), for its relative isolation and independence, for being partially within the influence of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean and for its use of the Kharoṣṭhī script, a unique sister to the Brahmic scripts used by other Prakrits.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Kissing Number Problem
In geometry, a kissing number is defined as the number of non-overlapping unit spheres that can be arranged such that they each touch a common unit sphere. For a lattice packing the kissing number is the same for every sphere, but for an arbitrary sphere packing the kissing number may vary from one sphere to another. Other names for kissing number that have been used are Newton number (after the originator of the problem), and contact number. In general, the kissing number problem seeks the maximum possible kissing number for n-dimensional spheres in (n + 1)-dimensional Euclidean space. Ordinary spheres correspond to two-dimensional closed surfaces in three-dimensional space. Finding the kissing number when centers of spheres are confined to a line (the one-dimensional case) or a plane (two-dimensional case) is trivial. Proving a solution to the three-dimensional case, despite being easy to conceptualise and model in the physical world, eluded mathematicians until the mid-20th century. Solutions in higher dimensions are considerably more challenging, and only a handful of cases have been solved exactly. For others investigations have determined upper and lower bounds, but not exact solutions.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 presents itself as a strategy that puts the human factor at the centre of production, where the well-being of the worker is prioritized, as well as more sustainable and resilient production systems. For human centricity, it is necessary to empower human beings and, respectively, industrial operators, to improve their individual skills and competences in collaboration or cooperation with digital technologies.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanofilms
Nanofilms are thin films that are composed of nanoscale materials and have thicknesses typically ranging from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. Nanofilms have unique properties that make them useful in a wide range of applications, including electronics, biomedicine, manufacturing, food, surface protection, and environmental protection. Nanofilms can be made from a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. They can be designed with specific properties, such as high surface area, improved mechanical and chemical stability, and tailored optical and electrical properties. These unique properties of nanofilms make them useful in a wide range of applications.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil
Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components (vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid) in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Apr 2023
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