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Topic Review
Postfix
Postfix is a free and open-source mail transfer agent (MTA) that routes and delivers electronic mail. It is released under the IBM Public License 1.0 which is a free software license. Alternatively, starting with version 3.2.5, it is available under the Eclipse Public License 2.0 at the user's option. Originally written in 1997 by Wietse Venema at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York, and first released in December 1998, Postfix continues (As of 2022) to be actively developed by its creator and other contributors. The software is also known by its former names VMailer and IBM Secure Mailer. The name Postfix is a compound of "post" (which is another word for "mail") and "fix "(which is for other software that inspired Postfix development). In a study published on June 1, 2022 by E-Soft, Inc., approximately 34% of the publicly reachable mail-servers on the Internet ran Postfix, making it the second most popular mail server behind Exim. Note: this survey covers less than 25% of the 4+ million reachable SMTP servers on the Internet.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Intranasal Liposomes for Vaccine Delivery
Liposomes are safe, biocompatible, and biodegradable spherical nanosized vesicles produced from cholesterol and phospholipids. Liposomes have been widely administered intranasally for systemic and brain delivery. Intranasal liposomes are also a potential approach for vaccine delivery. Liposomes can be used as a platform to load antigens and as vaccine adjuvants to induce a robust immune response. 
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Complement System
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and it plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Smart Glasses in Applied Sciences
Smart glasses are a type of wearable device that can be worn on the face, and they meet the original objective of enabling clearer vision in addition to functioning as a computer. Since Google released “Google Glass” in 2012, companies such as Sony, Microsoft, and Epson have launched their own smart glass products.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Membrane-Based Technologies for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture
Carbon dioxide (CO2), which results from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes, accounts for a substantial part of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs). As a result, several carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies have been developed during the last decade. Chemical absorption, adsorption, cryogenic separation and membrane separation are the most widely used post-combustion CO2 capture technologies. 
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells
Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Organic Food Impact on Human Health
Organic agriculture has gained more popularity, yet its approach to food production and its potential impact on consumers’ health and various environmental aspects remain to be fully discovered. The goal of organic farming practices is to maintain soil health, sustain ecological systems, maintain fairness in its relationship with the environment and protect the environment in its entirety. Various health benefits have been associated with higher consumption of organic foods.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lactate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency is a condition that affects how the body breaks down sugar to use as energy in cells, primarily muscle cells.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy
Autophagy (self-eating) is a multifaceted and evolutionarily preserved sequence of actions that is activated in response to dysfunctional organelles and aggregated protein to sustain cellular homeostasis.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Curcumin in Chronic Hepatitis
Curcumin, as a natural product, is inexpensive, without side effects, and can stimulate very well certain areas of the human immune system. The cytotoxicity of curcumin as photosensitizer could be expanded by the intravenous blue laser blood irradiation (IVBLBI) or photobiomodulation in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive, noncirrhotic, but nonresponsive to classical therapy. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Cancer
Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) is associated with sensitivity towards PARP inhibitors (PARPi) and its determination is used as a biomarker for therapy decision making.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Industrial Effluent and Sludge Toxicity
Industrial effluents and sludges are among the most critical sources of highly polluted and contaminated residues and can cause many environmental and ecological issues upon discharge to the environment. A comprehensive scientometric analysis has been carried out in this study to provide a clear understanding of the scientific efforts regarding the analysis of industrial effluents’ toxicity assessment. India and the USA accounted as the leading countries contributing the most in this regard by evaluating and analyzing the industrial effluent to avoid environmental contamination.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lean
The term “lean”, as a management concept that allows organizations to remain competitive by removing waste from their processes, has been fully adopted by management researchers.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Urban Growth Boundary
With the rapid and unregulated nature of urban expansion occurring in Chattogram, Bangladesh, the adoption of urban growth restriction mechanisms such as the urban growth boundary (UGB) can provide a robust framework necessary to direct the development of built-up areas in a way that curtails the growth in environmentally sensitive areas of the city. UGBs, in simple terms, can be defined as land regulations that have been put into place, in most cases, by the local government to prohibit urban growth and development beyond a defined boundary. The UGBs are designed to protect non-urban land outside the boundary and to promote compact, contiguous, and sustainable urban development. The UGB, as an urban growth policy tool, has been implemented in a wide variety of cities in both the developed and the developing world.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Agenda 21 for Culture
Agenda 21 for culture (now also known as Culture 21) is a program for cultural governance developed in 2002–2004 and organized by United Cities and Local Governments. Part of the program's premise is to add culture as a fourth conceptual pillar of sustainable development in governance, the historical three pillars of which are environment, social inclusion, and economics.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles during COVID-19
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also referred to as drones, have received momentous attention in various domains of civil and military operations because of their high mobility, enhanced stability, low cost, and high endurance in multiple tasks.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stencil Code
Stencil codes are a class of iterative kernels which update array elements according to some fixed pattern, called a stencil. They are most commonly found in the codes of computer simulations, e.g. for computational fluid dynamics in the context of scientific and engineering applications. Other notable examples include solving partial differential equations, the Jacobi kernel, the Gauss–Seidel method, image processing and cellular automata. The regular structure of the arrays sets stencil codes apart from other modeling methods such as the Finite element method. Most finite difference codes which operate on regular grids can be formulated as stencil codes.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Functions of CD34
CD34 is primarily known as a biomarker for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic stem precursor cells, but it has also been identified as a marker for several non-hematopoietic cells.  All three proteins in the CD34 family share similar structural characteristics, including the presence of serine, threonine, and proline residues in their extracellular domains. These domains are heavily glycosylated and sialylated, which gives the proteins an effective size range of 90–170 kDa and defines the CD34 family as a subfamily of sialomucins.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Routing in the Data Center
To have adequate routing and forwarding, it is imperative to fully exploit the topological characteristics of fat trees. Some basic requirements should be satisfied: forwarding loops avoidance, rapid failure detection, efficient network utilization (e.g., spanning-tree solutions are not acceptable), routing scalability (in addition to physical scalability). In principle, being the data center a single administrative domain, the candidates to fulfill the routing role are popular link-state IGPs. However, as they have been designed for arbitrary topologies, the flood of link-state advertisements may suffer from scalability issues. Therefore, the possible solutions should entail reducing the message flooding, exploiting the topology knowledge, or using other routing algorithms. In this regard, the following routing protocols will be considered in this work: BGP with a specific configuration for the data center, link-state algorithms with flooding reduction, and ongoing Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) efforts, namely Routing in Fat Trees (RIFT) and Link State Vector Routing (LSVR), which are leveraging link-state and distance-vector advantages to design specific routing algorithms for data centers.This entry only consider distributed control plane solutions, i.e., routing protocols. Consequently, logically centralized Software-Defined Networking (SDN) solutions are not analyzed.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
God in the Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í view of God is essentially monotheistic. God is the imperishable, uncreated being who is the source of all existence. He is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all Revelation, eternal, omniscient, omnipresent and almighty". Though transcendent and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator. God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as Manifestations of God, who are the prophets and messengers that have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Nov 2022
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