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Topic Review
Fermentation (Food)
Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. However, a more appropriate definition would be the chemical conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids. The process is used to produce wine, beer and leavened bread, but fermentation is also employed in preservation to create lactic acid in sour foods such as pickled cucumbers, kimchi and yogurt. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Coumarins
Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) derivatives have important uses in medicinal and synthetic chemistry, for example, as fluorescent probes. These properties have prompted chemists to develop efficient synthetic methods to synthesize the coumarin core and/or to functionalize it. In this context, many metal-catalyzed syntheses of coumarins have been introduced; among them, copper-catalyzed reactions appear to be very promising owing to the non-toxicity and cheapness of copper complexes.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ring-Fused Benzimidazoles and Imidazobenzimidazoles
The entry covers the synthesis and biological activity of ring-fused benzimidazoles, imidazo[4,5-f]benzimidazoles and imidazo[5,4-f]benzimidazoles. Compounds are bioreductive antitumor agents when the fused benzene part is a quinone or iminoquinone. Reactions are categorized according to the cyclization reaction, and include oxidative cyclizations using the t-amino effect. Other cyclizations are onto the 1- and 2-positions of benzimidazoles using cross-dehydrogenative coupling and homolytic aromatic substitution. Many syntheses are transition metal mediated, but others are metal-free using thermal, electrochemical and photochemical conditions.
  • 1.9K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Asymmetric Synthesis of BINOL Derivatives
The chirality resulting from restricted rotation around a single bond is called atropisomerism (axial chirality). This phenomenon was first described by Christie and Kenner in 1922 when investigating the biaryl 6,6’-dinitro-2,2’-diphenic acid, and the term “atropisomer”, derived from the Greek where “a” means “not” and “tropes” means “turn”, was created by Kuhn. Atropisomers belong to the class of axially chiral compounds; however, here, the enantiomers exist due to restricted rotation around a single bond. Axial chirality has also been considered as an important structural element of many natural products and bioactive compounds, whose enantiomers generally exhibit different pharmacological activities and metabolic processes in vivo and in vitro.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Pyran Derivatives
Heterogeneous catalysis (HC) has become a valuable means for designing sustainable production protocols to obtain superior intermediates, synthons, and potent bioactive heterocycles. The heterogeneous catalysts proved economical and eco-friendly due to the effectiveness of non-hazardous metals for constructing nanomaterials for atom-economical organic reactions. Heterogeneous catalysts significantly affected scientific and industrial innovations due to their tuneable textural properties, flexible acid-base characteristics, higher thermal stability, and improved reusability, with their excellent performance over their enormous counterparts.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Nitrosophenolato Complexes
Metal-nitrosophenolato complexes consist of a metal ion (most commonly copper(II)) flanked by typically two or more 2-nitrosophenolate ligands. The syntheses of them demonstrate a privileged introduction of a nitroso (and a hydroxyl via the Baudisch reaction) group to an aromatic ring. These complexes first appeared in the literature as early as 1939, and a range of applications has subsequently been published. However, optimisations of the preparative sequences were not considered, and as such, the reactions have seldom been utilised in recent years; indeed, there remains confusion in the literature as to how such complexes form.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids in Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new chemical medium and soft functional material developed under the framework of green chemistry and possess many unique properties, such as low melting points, low-to-negligible vapor pressures, excellent solubility, structural designability and high thermal stability. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Lipid-Oligonucleotide Conjugates and the Development of RNA-Based Therapeutics
Antisense and small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides have been recognized as powerful therapeutic compounds for targeting mRNAs and inducing their degradation. However, a major obstacle is that unmodified oligonucleotides are not readily taken up into tissues and are susceptible to degradation by nucleases. For these reasons, the design and preparation of modified DNA/RNA derivatives with better stability and an ability to be produced at large scale with enhanced uptake properties is of vital importance.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents as à-la-Carte Medium
Regarding the chemical industry, one of the most significant issues to be addressed is the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as solvents because they are petrol-derived and most of them are toxic and flammable. Among the possible solutions, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as sustainable alternatives to VOCs in organic catalyzed transformations and other fields. The advantages of these new reaction media are not only related to their more benign physical and chemical properties and, for most of them, their renewable sources but also due to the possibility of being recycled after their use, increasing the sustainability of the catalyzed process in which they are involved.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wild Boar Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality
Globally, wild boar is a primary food resource, mostly for remote rural communities outside of large urban centers located in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. In Chile, the production of meat from European wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is expanding together with the export of this “exotic” meat. Furthermore, in the Finno-Scandinavian peninsula, and central and Mediterranean Europe, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and other game species meat (reindeer, red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, moose, and chamois) can be found in local restaurants and fairs, indicating an already consolidated gastronomic interest in this type of meat.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Phorbas Sponges
Porifera, commonly referred to as marine sponges, are acknowledged as major producers of marine natural products (MNPs). Sponges of the genus Phorbas have attracted much attention over the years. They are widespread in all continents, and several structurally unique bioactive compounds have been identified from this species. 
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Enantioselective Catalytic C-H Amidations
The crucial role played by compounds bearing amide functions, not only in biological processes but also in several fields of chemistry, life polymers and material sciences, has brought about many significant discoveries and innovative approaches for their chemical synthesis. Within this context, and following the development of C-H functionalization strategies, C-H amidation reactions have only recently emerged as valuable approaches for the construction of amide functions. These methodologies have been successfully used for both C(sp2)- and C(sp3)-H activations and blossoming synthetic applications have appeared in the last two years (2019-2020 timeframe).
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Different Schiff Bases
Schiff bases are a vast group of compounds characterized by the presence of a double bond linking carbon and nitrogen atoms, the versatility of which is generated in the many ways to combine a variety of alkyl or aryl substituents.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Copper-Catalyzed Intramolecular Borylative Coupling with Imines
Copper-catalyzed enantioselective borylative cyclization with various electrophiles via difunctionalization of unsaturated hydrocarbons is a powerful tool for the generation of interesting boron-containing carbocycles and heterocycles processes involving a chiral organocopper intermediate. Alkenes, allenes, and alkynes are versatile and easily accessible substrates that can be subjected to a wide range of reactions to produce densely functionalized, enantioenriched products.
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Irosustat: Clinical Steroid Sulfatase Inhibitor
Irosustat: (6-oxo-8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-cyclohepta[c]chromen-3-yl) sulfamate; 6-oxo-8,9,10,11-tetrahydro-7H-cyclohepta-(c)(1)benzopyran-3-O-sulfamate; also known as STX64, 667 Coumate, BN83495, Oristusane is a tricyclic synthetic clinical drug of the aryl sulfamate ester class, designed mainly for applications in oncology as a steroid sulfatase inhibitor and has shown clinical benefit in patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Metal-Catalyzed Synthesis of the OSe Compounds
Organoselenium (OSe) compounds have recently gained considerable interest as a potential class of organic motifs due to their outstanding applications in synthetic organic and medicinal chemistry and their possible properties in materials science. These are attributed to the exceptional properties of the selenium (Se) element.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biological Activity of Flavones, Flavonols, and Aurones
Flavonoids are a widely distributed group of natural polyphenolic compounds that are found in plants usually in glycosylated form and have been shown to possess a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties, making them an attractive target for synthesis and further research.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Plant Polyphenols
Dietary plant polyphenols are natural bioactive compounds that are increasingly attracting the attention of food scientists and nutritionists because of their nutraceutical properties. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Central-Units/Terminal-Chains on Banana-Shaped Liquid Crystals
Azo-functionalized materials are one of the appealing groups of the functionalized materials owing to their photoswitching behaviour and have been explored for various potential applications viz., optical data storage, sensor, display devices, nonlinear materials and molecular switches. Recently, azo-functionalized bent-core liquid crystals (BCLCs) have gained significant attention because they have dual properties of BCLCs and azobenzene, which enables to generate new multifaceted functional and smart materials. In this report, the recently synthesized azobenzene containing bent-core mesogens and its subclass, the so-called hockey stick and V-shaped molecules are summarized. The mesomorphic behaviour of reported BCLCs affected by the type of central core unit, the nature, number and position of the lateral substituents and the type and length of the terminal chain are discussed. The photoisomerization process of these photoresponsive BCLCs in solid, solution and mesophase, as well as the impact of light on the chemical and electrical properties of them, are discussed.
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Synthesis of Anticancer Polyaromatic Compounds
Bimal Krishna Banik Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Deanship of Research, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA; Email: bimalbanik10@gmail.com; bbanik@pmu.edu.sa Synthesis of several polycyclic aromatic compounds is described. Some of these agents have demonstrated selective anticancer activities in vitro and in animal model. Preliminary mechanistic investigations about the cause of bioactivity are also performed.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jun 2020
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