Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Communication Competency in the Veterinary Curriculum
Effective communication skills are vital for successful veterinary practice and are a core component of veterinary programs. Veterinary schools design their programs to ensure that all veterinary graduates can demonstrate Day One competencies in clinical communication and provide evidence of this to accrediting bodies. The methods of teaching clinical communication in veterinary medicine have developed since this became a required part of the curriculum over two decades ago, and there is a growing evidence base for their effectiveness.
  • 850
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Trichuriasis in Deer
Trichuris spp. are endoparasites found in a wide range of mammalian species. Some of these host species include humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, pigs, wild ruminants and domesticated ruminants.
  • 848
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Unintentional Intoxications of Nonhuman Primates
Wild and captive nonhuman primates (NHP) are exposed and potentially vulnerable to many natural and man-made toxic threats. Nevertheless, wild NHP are capable of coping with these threats using strategies, namely avoidance, dilution, gastrointestinal degradation, or detoxification, which require genetic potential, learning from parents and conspecifics in their social group, or prior experience through random food sampling and experimentation. Captive NHP are also at high risk for intoxications when they are often housed in an outdoor enclosure in a vivarium or zoo that is in or close to a large urban and industrial city. These NHP are potentially exposed to urban-industrial air pollution due to industrial and vehicle exhausts, waste incineration, and the domestic and industrial use of petroleum-based products, cleaners, pesticides, and paints, amongst others.
  • 848
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis: Blood Macrophages and Kupffer Cells
Leishmania infantum is a parasite that causes zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, a disease that affects humans, wild and domestic animals, mainly domestic dogs. Macrophages are cells of the immune system, existing in the peripheral blood and associated with different tissues in the mammal body, having the task to protect against microbiological threats. Interestingly, Leishmania can manipulate the macrophages into a non-active ghost-like state, allowing the parasite to stay in the host. The liver, which is a vital organ and a target for the parasite, has a resident population of macrophages designated as Kupfer cells. Therefore, a better understanding of the immune mechanisms exhibited by the macrophages when facing Leishmania parasite is needed to improve control strategies.
  • 836
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mycoplasma bovis Infections
Mycoplasma bovis is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. M. bovis infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide. M. bovis has spread worldwide, including to countries for a long time considered free of the pathogen.
  • 819
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Intraoperative Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Dogs/Cats
Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) is an anaesthetic complication that causes oesophageal inflammation and stricture in animals. There are many factors affecting the development of GOR during anaesthesia in dogs. Evidence in cats is even more scarce. More studies are necessary for safer conclusions.
  • 816
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Canine Blood Donation
Canine blood donation is a noble, altruistic, and empathetic process. It is an act of human–animal kinship and always features three inseparable figures—a veterinarian, an animal owner or caregiver, and a dog.
  • 814
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Equine and Camel Piroplasmosis in Egypt
Piroplasmosis is a global tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoan parasites, which causes high morbidity and substantial economic losses in farm animals. Equine and camel piroplasmosis causes significant losses worldwide and in Egypt. The multifactorial effects and overall impact of equine and camel piroplasmosis in Egypt remain poorly characterized.
  • 811
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ovine Neosporosis
Neospora caninum is a well-known protist parasite of cattle and is considered to be one of the most relevant abortifacient agents responsible for significant economic losses in the bovine industry. The first report of this parasite in sheep was over 30 years ago, when it was described in a weak lamb with neurological signs that had been misdiagnosed as toxoplasmosis 15 years previously, due to the similarity of the associated histological lesions. Since this initial description, ovine neosporosis has typically been considered as infrequent, until a decade ago, when awareness of its potential as a reproductive disease in sheep was raised. However, there are many knowledge deficits with respect to its economic impact and geographic distribution, due to the paucity of published studies. Additionally, the pathogenesis of the disease remains poorly understood, as most experimental studies of ovine neosporosis use it as model of exogenous bovine neosporosis. Furthermore, experimental challenge is primarily via parenteral inoculation of tachyzoites—a route that might not accurately reproduce the events of the natural disease, as it is acquired through the ingestion of sporulated oocysts. In fact, there is still scarce information on the pathogenesis of ovine neosporosis after natural or experimental oocyst ingestion, or on its mechanism of transplacental transmission.
  • 809
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
African Swine Fever Survey in a European Context
African swine fever (ASF) is currently the most threatening disease for domestic and wild pigs worldwide. Wild boar has been the main affected species in all EU countries except for Romania, where most notifications occur in domestic pigs. The spread of ASF in wild boar is challenging to control; risk factors are harder to identify and establish than in domestic pigs, which, together with an underestimation of the disease and the lack of treatment or an effective vaccine, are hindering control and eradication efforts. We distributed two online questionnaires, one for domestic pigs and one for wild boar, to experts of different background and countries in Europe, to explore risk factors in relation to ASF control connected to farming, hunting, trade, the environment, and domestic pig and wild boar populations.
  • 802
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma
Decision making consists of gathering quality data in order to correctly assess a situation and determine the best course of action. This process is a fundamental part of medicine and is what enables practitioners to accurately diagnose diseases and select appropriate treatment protocols. Despite severe equine asthma (SEA) being a highly prevalent lower respiratory disease amongst equids, clinicians still struggle with the optimization of routine diagnostic procedures. The use of several ancillary diagnostic tests has been reported for disease identification and monitoring, but many are only suitable for research purposes or lack practicality for everyday use. 
  • 799
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Gold Organs in Brucellosis
Brucella is an intracellular bacterium that causes abortion, reproduction failure in livestock and leads to a debilitating flu-like illness with serious chronic complications if untreated in humans. The “gold organs” for nesting Brucella, in which Brucella replicates in cells of the reticular endothelial system, include the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, epididymis, and placenta.
  • 784
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Markers in Canine Urinary Bladder Cancer
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. The development and validation of Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) molecular markers is of great importance for scientists and clinicians alike. Somatic and hereditary BRAF mutations received much attention and can now be detected via multiple types of tests, sometimes in useful combinations with CNA tests. Urine-based tests for detecting BRAF may allow the early detection of post-treatment relapse.
  • 783
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Social Licence Concept in Equestrianism
The concept of ‘social licence to operate’ (SLO) is relevant to all animal-use activities. An SLO is an intangible, implicit agreement between the public and an industry/group. Its existence allows that industry/group to pursue its activities with minimal formalised restrictions because such activities have widespread societal approval. In contrast, the imposition of legal restrictions—or even an outright ban—reflect qualified or lack of public support for an activity. The aim herein is to discuss current threats to equestrianism’s SLO and suggest actions that those across the equine sector need to take to justify the continuation of the SLO. The most important of these is earning the trust of all stakeholders, including the public. Trust requires transparency of operations, establishment and communication of shared values, and demonstration of competence. These attributes can only be gained by taking an ethics-based, proactive, progressive, and holistic approach to the protection of equine welfare. Animal-use activities that have faced challenges to their SLO have achieved variable success in re-establishing the approval of society, and equestrianism can learn from the experience of these groups as it maps its future. The associated effort and cost should be regarded as an investment in the future of the sport.
  • 779
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Melanocytic Neoplasms in Dogs and Cats
Melanocytic neoplasms are the most common form of primary intraocular neoplasia, and, among those, melanomas are highly prevalent, with different incidences regarding species and anatomical location. Melanomas are histologically confirmed tumours with malignant characteristics, and melanocytomas are benign tumours with no metastatic potential. Melanomas originate from melanocytes or other neoplastic cells that develop from melanocytes or melanoblasts.
  • 778
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe
Livestock production plays a key role in the economic development of a country. Helminthiasis caused by a helminth infection is a major constraint in global livestock production. The mortality and morbidity in animal populations owing to infections caused by parasitic helminths are rapidly increasing worldwide. These parasitic worms are categorized into two major groups: roundworms (phylum Nematoda) and flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes). Among these parasites, gastrointestinal parasites pose a serious threat to livestock production.
  • 776
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immune Control of Avian Influenza Virus Infection
The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 viruses, have the potential to infect humans, causing an acute influenza disease syndrome in humans, and are a possible pandemic threat. AIV H5N1 is highly pathogenic, whereas AIV H7N9 has comparatively low pathogenicity.
  • 772
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Structural Proteins of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) virus (PEDV) is one of the main pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets and fattening pigs. The clinical signs of PED are vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and mortality resulting in significant economic losses and becoming a major challenge in the pig industry. PEDV possesses various crucial structural and functional proteins, which play important roles in viral structure, infection, replication, assembly, and release, as well as in escaping host innate immunity.
  • 769
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Epidemiology and Species Diversity of Tick-Borne Pathogens
Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TTBPs) are listed among the most serious concerns harming Egyptian livestock’s productivity. Several reports on tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) from various geographical regions in the country were published. There is evidence of high species diversity of the TBPs infecting animals from Egypt, which suggests endemicity and complex transmissions. Animals from Egypt and their infesting ticks were found to harbor many zoonotic and/or potentially zoonotic pathogens, such as A. phagocytophilum (anaplasmosis), B. microti and B. divergens (babesiosis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), rickettsiosis, CCHFV (Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever), and Ehrlichia spp. (ehrlichiosis), which can be transmitted to their accompanying farmers. Ticks that infest animals and their associated pathogens displayed high species diversity, underlining the high infection risk to animals as well as constituting a reservoir for a wide range of zoonotic TBPs. Adequate control measures against TTBPs should be applied to prevent their circulation among animals in the country.
  • 759
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Risk Assessment for Organic Swine Health
Given the variety of diseases prevalent in swine production it is important to understand the risks associated with organic swine production. Overall numbers for certified organic livestock remain low compared to the overall U.S. swine numbers, with approximately 12,000 animals in 2011. However, since 1992, stocks have increased dramatically, with an annual growth rate of 20 percent in total U.S. organic stock. Additionally, there are thousands of non-certified organic swine herds which are not accounted in official statistics, but where farmers still use organic production practices. Consumer demand, stemming from the larger organic agriculture movement has helped spurred growth in this industry. The overall segment, although minuscule compared to the conventional national average, still represents a strong and growing segment in U.S. pork production. The definition of organic swine according to the USDA National Organic Program (NOP), is largely unchanged.
  • 731
  • 20 Oct 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback