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Topic Review
Bose–Hubbard Model
The Bose–Hubbard model gives a description of the physics of interacting spinless bosons on a lattice. It is closely related to the Hubbard model which originated in solid-state physics as an approximate description of superconducting systems and the motion of electrons between the atoms of a crystalline solid. The model was first introduced by Gersch and Knollman in 1963 in the context of granular superconductors. (The term 'Bose' in its name refers to the fact that the particles in the system are bosonic.) The model rose to prominence in the 1980s after it was found to capture the essence of the superfluid-insulator transition in a way that was much more mathematically tractable than fermionic metal-insulator models. The Bose–Hubbard model can be used to describe physical systems such as bosonic atoms in an optical lattice, as well as certain magnetic insulators. Furthermore, it can also be generalized and applied to Bose–Fermi mixtures, in which case the corresponding Hamiltonian is called the Bose–Fermi–Hubbard Hamiltonian.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols against Human Herpesviruses
Herpesviruses are one of the most contagious DNA viruses that threaten human health, causing severe diseases, including, but not limited to, certain types of cancer and neurological complications. The overuse and misuse of anti-herpesvirus drugs are key factors leading to drug resistance.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Civitas (Think Tank)
Civitas: The Institute for the Study of Civil Society is a United Kingdom think tank working on issues related to democracy and social policy.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Shielding Materials for Electromagnetic/Radiation Contamination
As technology develops at a rapid pace, electromagnetic and radiation pollution have become significant issues. These forms of pollution can cause many important environmental issues. If they are not properly managed and addressed, they will be everywhere in the global biosphere, and they will have devastating impacts on human health. In addition to minimizing sources of electromagnetic radiation, the development of lightweight composite shielding materials to address interference from radiation has become an important area of research. A suitable shielding material can effectively reduce the harm caused by electromagnetic interference/radiation.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Morphologenetic and Molecular Mechanisms in Mammalian Palatogenesis
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient’s quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Honey
Honey is one of the most prized medicinal remedies used since ancient times. There is evidence that indicates honey can function as a cardioprotective agent in cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ayurveda and Epigenetics
Ayurveda is a comprehensive, natural health care system that originated in the ancient Vedic times of India. Epigenetics refers to the external modification of DNA that turns genes on and off, affecting gene expression. This occurs without changes in the basic structure of the DNA. This gene expression can have transgenerational effects. The major factors that cause epigenetic changes are lifestyle and behavior, diet and digestion, stress, and environmental factors. Ayurveda addresses these factors, thereby affecting the Deha (body) Prakriti (psychophysiological constitution), which corresponds to the phenotype, and indirectly the Janma (birth) Prakriti, which corresponds to the genotype. Thus, it is proposed that epigenetics is an important mechanism of Ayurveda.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Viral Vectored Vaccines
Viral Vectored Vaccines are vaccines that use a viral vector as a carrier to deliver a protein (or antigen) from a pathogen (namely viruses and bacteria) in order to elicit an immune response against this pathogen.  The DNA or RNA sequence for this protein antigen is inserted into the genome of the virus vector. The resultant recombinant virus expresses the necessary components of the viral vector so that functional virus particles can be made to express the foreign protein antigen.  Viral vectored vaccines are classified by the virus vector they use and whether they can reproduce inside cells to produce new virus particles (i.e., are replication competent) or whether they can only enter cells but do not produce new virus particles (i.e., are replication incompetent or single-cycle replication).  Different viral vector backbones can serve different needs for developing preventive and therapeutic vaccines depending on the context and diseases they aim to prevent or treat, respectively.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Natural Compounds in Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a tumor of the brain or spinal cord with poor clinical prognosis. Current interventions, such as chemotherapy and surgical tumor resection, are constrained by tumor invasion and cancer drug resistance. Dietary natural substances are therefore evaluated for their potential as agents in GBM treatment. Various substances found in fruits, vegetables, and other natural products restrict tumor growth and induce GBM cell death. These preclinical effects are promising but remain constrained by natural substances’ varying pharmacological properties. While many of the reviewed substances are available as over-the-counter supplements, their anti-GBM efficacy should be corroborated by clinical trials moving forward. 
  • 1.9K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
GABAergic inhibitory neuron (interneurons)
A prolonged developmental timeline for GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-expressing inhibitory neurons (GABAergic interneurons) is an amplified trait in larger, gyrencephalic animals. In several species, the generation, migration, and maturation of interneurons take place over several months, in some cases persisting after birth. The late integration of GABAergic interneurons occurs in a region-specific pattern, especially during the early postnatal period. These changes can contribute to the formation of functional connectivity and plasticity, especially in the cortical regions responsible for higher cognitive tasks. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Retinoic Acid and Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase
Retinoic acid (RA) is an important biological metabolite synthesized from the retinol content (known as “vitamin A”) via a sequential cellular process in the retinoid signaling pathway (RSP). RSP-mediated RA biosynthesis is a vital physiological process in chordates, since RA interacts with the nuclear receptor superfamily, namely nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), bound to the RA response elements (RAREs) in the promoter region of RA target genes. Retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDH) belongs to the oxidoreductase family and plays a critical role in RA synthesis from the retinaldehyde content; therefore, this enzyme is considered to be one of the key regulators of RA-related retinol metabolism and embryonic development.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Active Phosphorylated G Protein-Coupled Receptors
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest known family of signaling proteins, with over 800 members in humans, and even more in most mammalian species. They are responsible for initiating intracellular signaling that affects metabolism, growth, differentiation, and mediate sensory inputs underlying taste, sense of smell, and vision. GPCRs are targeted by about a third of clinically used drugs.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Quad Flat No-leads Package
Flat no-leads packages such as quad-flat no-leads (QFN) and dual-flat no-leads (DFN) physically and electrically connect integrated circuits to printed circuit boards. Flat no-leads, also known as micro leadframe (MLF) and SON (small-outline no leads), is a surface-mount technology, one of several package technologies that connect ICs to the surfaces of PCBs without through-holes. Flat no-lead is a near chip scale plastic encapsulated package made with a planar copper lead frame substrate. Perimeter lands on the package bottom provide electrical connections to the PCB. Flat no-lead packages include an exposed thermal pad to improve heat transfer out of the IC (into the PCB). Heat transfer can be further facilitated by metal vias in the thermal pad. The QFN package is similar to the quad-flat package (QFP), and a ball grid array (BGA).
  • 1.9K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
European Court of Auditors
The European Court of Auditors (ECA) (French: Cour des comptes européenne) is the fifth institution of the European Union (EU). It was established in 1975 in Luxembourg in order to improve EU financial management.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Reinforced Concrete Bridges with Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloys
Reinforced concrete (RC) bridges often face great demands of strengthening or repair during their service life. Fe-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMAs) as a kind of low-cost smart materials have great potential to enhance civil engineering structures. The stable shape memory effect of Fe-SMAs is generated by, taking Fe-Mn-Si alloys as an example, the martensite transformation of fcc(γ) → hcp(ε) and its reverse transformation which produces considerable recovery stress (400~500 MPa) that can be used as prestress for reinforcement of RC bridges.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Lactoferrin in Industry
Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein belonging to the transferrin family, discovered for the first time in cow milk in 1939. It is produced by the epithelial mucosa. It is present in milk and colostrum, but can also be found in tears, saliva, gastric mucosa, the spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and even white blood cells. LF accounts for about 1% of whey proteins. Its concentration is highest in colostrum, but the level is not constant and decreases over the course of lactation, reaching its lowest values in mature milk. lactoferrin is used as an ingredient in food but mainly in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the European Union, bovine lactoferrin has been legally approved for use as a food ingredient since 2012.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia, a geriatric disease characterized by a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and loss of muscle function, consists of a rising, often undiagnosed health problem.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Progression of Prostate Cancer
We have witnessed noteworthy progress in our understanding of prostate cancer over the past decades. This basic knowledge has been translated into efficient diagnostic and treatment approaches leading to the improvement in patient survival. However, the molecular pathogenesis of prostate cancer appears to be complex, and histological findings often do not provide an accurate assessment of disease aggressiveness and future course. Moreover, we also witness tremendous racial disparity in prostate cancer incidence and clinical outcomes necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular and mechanistic bases of prostate cancer. Biological research heavily relies on model systems that can be easily manipulated and tested under a controlled experimental environment. Over the years, several cancer cell lines have been developed representing diverse molecular subtypes of prostate cancer. In addition, several animal models have been developed to demonstrate the etiological molecular basis of the prostate cancer. In recent years, patient-derived xenograft and 3-D culture models have also been created and utilized in preclinical research. This review is an attempt to succinctly discuss existing information on the cellular and molecular progression of prostate cancer. We also discuss available model systems and their tested and potential utility in basic and preclinical prostate cancer research.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Lignin/Cellulose Nanofibers for Supercapacitor Applications
Supercapacitors are energy storage devices with high power density, rapid charge/discharge rate, and excellent cycle stability. Carbon-based supercapacitors are increasingly attracting attention because of their large surface area and high porosity. Carbon-based materials research has been recently centered on biomass-based materials due to the rising need to maintain a sustainable environment. Cellulose and lignin constitute the major components of lignocellulose biomass. Since they are renewable, sustainable, and readily accessible, lignin and cellulose-based supercapacitors are economically viable and environmentally friendly.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been the mainstay for diagnosing gestational diabetes for decades. However, this test is cumbersome, deeply flawed, and has reduced reproducibility. In this review, we explore a history of the OGTT, its reproducibility, and the many factors that can impact its results with an emphasis on pregnancy.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Feb 2021
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