Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Salt Tolerance in Rice
Soil salinization caused by the accumulation of sodium can decrease rice yield and quality. Identification of rice salt tolerance genes and their molecular mechanisms could help breeders genetically improve salt tolerance.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Indoor Air Quality in Elderly Centers
The elderly segment of the population is more vulnerable to adverse environmental conditions. Indoor air quality is one of the most relevant health determinant, especially for elders resident in Care Centers because elders spend most time indoors. The recent COVID-19 pandemic contributed greately to raise awareness on the importance of breathing safe air without biological and physical-chemical contaminants. The heath effects on elders of the main pollutants are discussed in this topic.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability in Smart Tourism
Sustainability is a widely accredited concept in economic and territorial development—especially in the tourism sector, where it has become not only an essential working tool that is intimately related to the maintenance of and respect for environmental resources but also a defining element of new conceptualisations in the field of tourism, such as smart tourism destinations (STDs) and so-called sustainable tourism, whose “development is indispensable for economic growth”. Though sustainability must be considered in its entirety in order to cope with the current crisis, actions related to environmental sustainability have been scarce, practically limited to capacity control, and in accordance with health and prevention criteria but not with the protection of environmental resources.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production by Wastewater Alkaline Electro-Oxidation
The electro-oxidation of olive mill and biodiesel wastewaters in an alkaline medium with the aim of hydrogen production and simultaneous reduction in the organic pollution content are presented. The process is performed, at laboratory scale, in an own-design single cavity electrolyzer with graphite electrodes and no membrane. The system and the procedures to generate hydrogen under ambient conditions are described. The gas flow generated is analyzed through gas chromatography. The wastewater balance in the liquid electrolyte shows a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) pointing to a decrease in the organic content. The experimental results confirm the production of hydrogen with different purity levels and the simultaneous reduction in organic contaminants. This wastewater treatment appears as a feasible process to obtain hydrogen at ambient conditions powered with renewable energy sources, resulting in a more competitive hydrogen cost.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Plant
Vascular plants (from la vasculum 'duct'), also called tracheophytes (/trəˈkiː.əˌfaɪts/) or collectively Tracheophyta (from grc τραχεῖα ἀρτηρία) 'windpipe', and φυτά , form a large group of land plants (c. 300,000 accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants). Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta,:251 Tracheobionta and Equisetopsida sensu lato. Some early land plants (the rhyniophytes) had less developed vascular tissue; the term eutracheophyte has been used for all other vascular plants, including all living ones. Historically, vascular plants were known as "higher plants," as it was believed that they were further evolved than other plants due to being more complex organisms. However, this is an antiquated remnant of the obsolete scala naturae, and the term is generally considered to be unscientific.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
mTOR in the Treatment of Microbial Infections
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the major controller of a number of important cellular activities, including protein synthesis, cell expansion, multiplication, autophagy, lysosomal function, and cellular metabolism. The mTOR signaling system regulates gene transcription and protein manufacturing to control proliferation of cell, differentiation of immune cell, and tumor metabolism. Due to its vital role in case of microbial infections, inflammations and cancer development and progression, mTOR has been considered as a key therapeutic target for the development of targeted medication. 
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Affectional Action
Affectional action refers to behavior driven by emotions, sentiments, or personal attachments rather than rational calculations or instrumental goals. It encompasses actions motivated by affection, love, empathy, or other emotional bonds, often leading individuals to prioritize relationships, care, and compassion in their interactions with others, irrespective of utility or self-interest. This concept, elucidated by sociologist Max Weber, highlights the role of emotions in shaping social behavior and relationships within human societies.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Jupiter (Rocket Family)
The Jupiter family of super heavy-lift launch vehicles was part of the proposed DIRECT Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle architecture. It was intended to be the alternative to the Ares I and Ares V rockets which were under development for the US Project Constellation. Major benefits were projected from re-using as much hardware and facilities from the Space Shuttle program as possible, including cost savings, experience with existing hardware, and preserving the workforce.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neurobiology of Aggression
Aggression can be conceptualized as any behavior, physical or verbal, that involves attacking another person or animal with the intent of causing harm, pain or injury. Because of its high prevalence worldwide, aggression has remained a central clinical and public safety issue. Aggression can be caused by several risk factors, including biological and psychological, such as genetics and mental health disorders, and socioeconomic such as education, employment, financial status, and neighborhood. Research over the past few decades has also proposed a link between alcohol consumption and aggressive behaviors. Alcohol consumption can escalate aggressive behavior in humans, often leading to domestic violence or serious crimes. Converging lines of evidence have also shown that trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could have a tremendous impact on behavior associated with both alcohol use problems and violence. 
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Design of Ni-Based Single Crystal Superalloys
The most important performance characteristics of heat-resistant alloys (HRAs) are creep and fatigue resistance, which are very complex functions of chemical composition and microstructure. The microstructure of metal HRAs, among which the first place is occupied by Ni-based alloys, usually consists of two main phases: a solid solution based on the main element containing alloying elements (matrix), and a strengthening phase, which is usually used as intermetallides, carbides and silicides.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
BTI in GaN MIS Transistors
Recent studies on bias-temperature instabilities (BTI) in D- and E-mode GaN transistors are reviewed here, focusing on BTI mechanisms in fully recess-gate E-mode GaN transistors.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Deep Learning for Accurate Real-Time Weed Detection
This article discusses the possibility of accurately detecting the position of weeds in real-time in real conditions. Presented detailed recommendations for solving the problem with scene density, considered ways for increasing accuracy, and FPS.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Properties of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), are secondary metabolites, first reported in 1960 and found to be associated with the light-stimulated sporulation in terrestrial fungi. MAAs are nitrogenous, low molecular weight, water soluble compounds, which are highly stable with cyclohexenone or cycloheximine rings to store the free radicals. Microalgae are considered as a good source of different kinds of MAAs, which in turn, has its own applications in various industries due to its UV absorbing, anti-oxidant and therapeutic properties. Microalgae can be easily cultivated and requires a short generation time, which makes them environment friendly source of biomolecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids. Modifying the cultural conditions along with manipulation of genes associated with mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis can help to enhance MAAs synthesis and, in turn, can make microalgae suitable bio-refinery for large scale MAAs production.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Structure of Miruk-Jõn Hall Kumsan-Sa Temple in Korean
The Miruk-jõn Hall of Kumsan-sa Temple (reconstructed in 1635, National Treasure No. 62) is in Gimje-si, Jeollabuk-do in the southern region of Korea. The Miruk-jõn Hall is a pagoda hall with a diminished structure, and the interior is thought to have been built in an ancient style. Miruk-jõn is a three-storied building, and the pillar spacing is five ken (2) (bays) for the first story, five ken for the second story, and three ken for the third story. In the second story, both Hatamas (the last interval between pillars) are narrowed.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Biofilm Treatments: Single and Combination Antibiotic Therapy
The public health challenge of antibacterial resistance has escalated considerably over recent decades. Of all potentially pathogenic species of bacteria those that form biofilm, complex surface-attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polysaccharide extracellular matrices, show heightened resistance to antibiotics. Foremost among these is Staphylococcus, in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) facilitates improved treatment of S. aureus biofilm infections. Although current approaches to combination therapy, typically using an antibiotic alongside an anti-biofilm agent, can achieve successful patient outcomes, complete removal of biofilm remains extremely difficult. Ongoing research aims to develop better means to address this important clinical concern.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Gamified Learning Environments
Gamification along with a whole range of other active methodologies are being incorporated into university classrooms due to their potential benefits for student learning.
  • 1.8K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Produced Water Treatment
Flowback-produced water (FP) is a waste fluid associated with hydraulic fracturing in unconventional oil and gas development (UOG). Initially, FP reflects the composition of the hydraulic fracturing fluid, which is referred as flowback water (FBW). After the initial months of well production, the waste fluid is predominantly representative of the formation and is known as produced water (PW). 
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Meningococcal Disease
Meningococcal disease describes infections caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (also termed meningococcus). It has a high mortality rate if untreated but is vaccine-preventable. While best known as a cause of meningitis, it can also result in sepsis, which is an even more damaging and dangerous condition. Meningitis and meningococcemia are major causes of illness, death, and disability in both developed and under-developed countries. There are approximately 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis per year in the United States, and on average 333,000 cases in developing countries. The case fatality rate ranges between 10 and 20 percent. The incidence of endemic meningococcal disease during the last 13 years ranges from 1 to 5 per 100,000 in developed countries, and from 10 to 25 per 100,000 in developing countries. During epidemics the incidence of meningococcal disease approaches 100 per 100,000. Meningococcal vaccines have sharply reduced the incidence of the disease in developed countries. The disease's pathogenesis is not fully understood. Neisseria meningitidis colonises a substantial proportion of the general population harmlessly, but in a very small percentage of individuals it can invade the bloodstream, affecting the entire body, most notably limbs and brain, causing serious illness. Over the past few years, experts have made an intensive effort to understand specific aspects of meningococcal biology and host interactions; however, the development of improved treatments and effective vaccines is expected to depend on novel efforts by workers in many different fields. While meningococcal disease is not as contagious as the common cold (which is spread through casual contact), it can be transmitted through saliva and occasionally through close, prolonged general contact with an infected person.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Getmac
As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Diseases
Many proteins and protein segments cannot attain a single stable three-dimensional structure under physiological conditions; instead, they adopt multiple interconverting conformational states. Such intrinsically disordered proteins or protein segments are highly abundant across proteomes, and are involved in various effector functions.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback