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Topic Review
Physics of Riblets
Continuous evolution in nature has created optimum solutions for creature survival that have inspired many innovative engineering designs. Riblet geometries, passive flow control devices, have been studied, which were inspired by the skin of fast-swimming sharks. Turbulent boundary layer research reveals the positive effect of riblets in reducing drag by manipulating turbulent structures. 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Instagram Travel Influencers in sustainable tourism
Instagram is a critical tool for the selection of tourism destinations. Instagram travel influencers seem to play a significant role in this process, often using geo-location data to make their posts even more impactful. However, there is no evidence of them performing such a role in sustainable destinations, although these destinations are increasing and to a large extent are the future in tourism.
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Vaccinations and Autoimmune Diseases
Vaccines represent one of the most effective measures of public health medicine, saving countless lives and preventing lifelong disabilities. Among the adverse reactions to vaccines, one of the most feared is the triggering of autoimmune diseases, which are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. Currently, no mechanisms have been demonstrated that could explain the correlation between vaccination and the development of autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies do not support the hypothesis that vaccines cause systemic autoimmune diseases. The only confirmed associations, although very rare, are those between the flu vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially with old vaccine preparations, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and thrombocytopenia. 
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Early Childhood Education in China
Early childhood education (ECE) in China has become complex and multi-dimensional. Chinese parents/caregivers are actively involved in ECE.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Optical Fiber-Integrated Metasurfaces
The advent of metasurface technology has revolutionized the field of optics and photonics in recent years due to its capability of engineering optical wavefronts with well-patterned nanostructures at the subwavelength scale. Meanwhile, inspired and benefited from the tremendous success of the “lab-on-fiber” concept, the integration of metasurface with optical fibers, due to its powerful function of light manipulation and shaping in the 2D version, has drawn particular interest, which truly establishes a novel technological platform for the development of “all-in-fiber" metasurface-based devices.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide Produced May Induce Parkinson's Disease
Several bacterial species can generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Study evidence favors the view that the microbiome of the gut harbors increased amounts of H2S producing bacteria in Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, H2S can easily penetrate cell membranes and enter the cell interior. In the cells, excessive amounts of H2S can potentially release cytochrome c protein from the mitochondria, increase the iron content of the cytosolic iron pool, and increase the amount of reactive oxygen species. These events can lead to the formation of alpha-synuclein oligomers and fibrils in cells containing alpha-synuclein protein.  
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Corneal Anatomy and Physiology
The cornea, known as the window of the eye, is optically transparent, including a special structure that is avascular anatomically. This dome-shaped and specialized tissue is located in the anterior part of the eye. Two major roles of the cornea are protecting the eye from harsh environments, and transmitting over 80% of light to inner portions. 
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression.
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Configuration
Mechanical vibrational energy, which is provided by continuous or discontinuous motion, is an infinite source of energy that may be found anywhere. This source may be utilized to generate electricity to replenish batteries or directly power electrical equipment thanks to energy harvesters. The new gadgets are based on the utilization of piezoelectric materials, which can transform vibrating mechanical energy into useable electrical energy owing to their intrinsic qualities. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain Technology in Waste Management
Implementing blockchain technology in waste management is a novel approach to environmental sustainability and accountability challenges in our modern world. Blockchain, a technology that enables decentralized and immutable ledgers, is being re-imagined as a tool to revolutionize waste management. This innovative approach aims to improve waste management transparency, traceability, and efficiency, resulting in significant environmental and economic benefits.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review Video
Acetaminophen and Neurodevelopment
Based on available data that include approximately 20 lines of evidence from studies in laboratory animal models, observations in humans, correlations in time, and pharmacological/toxicological considerations, it has been concluded without reasonable doubt and with no evidence to the contrary that exposure of susceptible babies and children to acetaminophen (paracetamol) induces many, if not most, cases of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • 1.8K
  • 18 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Bayer Red Mud Comprehensive Utilization Status
Red mud is a highly alkaline solid waste discharged in the alumina production process. The comprehensive utilization of Bayer red mud is mainly divided into the following aspects. (1) Building materials include the use of red mud for the production of cement or concrete; road cornerstones or pavement materials in road construction; and geopolymers, ceramics, or composites. (2) Applications in the environmental field include the use of red mud to remove heavy metals and improve acidic soils. (3) Applications in the chemical industry include the use of red mud to produce dyes, catalysts, coagulants, or adsorbents. (4) Recovery of valuable components from red mud includes recovery of alkali and extraction of elements, such as aluminum, iron, titanium, and scandium, and important metals, such as vanadium and gallium.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Children with Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
This entry aimed to undertake an extensive exploration of the extent, range, and nature of research activities regarding the effect and emerging evidence in the field of physical activity interventions on cognitive development among children and youth (0–17.99 years) with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), and to help identify key gaps in research and determine precise research questions for future investigations. To carry out this scoping review, five electronic databases were searched. A total of 12,097 articles were retrieved via search efforts with an additional 93 articles identified from the identified review papers. Sixty articles were eligible for inclusion. The results of this scoping review revealed many positive key cognitive outcomes related to physicalactivity including, but not limited to: focus, attention, self-control, cognitive process, and alertness. No studies reported a negative association between physical activity and cognitive outcomes. Based on the findings from this scoping review, physical activity appears to have a favorable impact on the cognitive outcomes of children and youth with NDD. 
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cyberstalking Victimization Model
Cyberstalking is a growing anti-social problem being transformed on a large scale and in various forms. Cyberstalking detection has become increasingly popular in recent years and has technically been investigated by many researchers. However, cyberstalking victimization, an essential part of cyberstalking, has empirically received less attention from the paper community.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biodegradable Polymer-Supported Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts
During the past two decades, immobilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a well-known photocatalyst, on several polymeric substrates has extensively gained ground since it limits the need of post-treatment separation stages. Taking into account the numerous substrates tested for supporting TiO2 photocatalysts, the use of biodegradable polymer seems a hopeful option owing to its considerable merits, including the flexible nature, low price, chemical inertness, mechanical stability and wide feasibility. 
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Modernity of Ancient Pigments
Naturally occurring and synthetic ancient pigments have a history of use spanning thousands of years. Curiously, some of their newly discovered properties make them excellent candidates for semiconductors, anticounterfeiting agents and so much more. 
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) is being applied to a wide range of surgical fields as a diagnostic tool to protect patients from neural injuries that may occur during surgery. However, several contributing factors complicate the interpretation of IONM, and it is labor- and training-intensive. Meanwhile, machine learning (ML)-based medical research has been growing rapidly, and many studies on the clinical application of ML algorithms have been published.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Social Media in Perceived Levels of National Security
The increase in the use of social media as a 21st century communication tool is in parallel increasing the threat to national security globally. Security is, according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, a fundamental need of human life and the level to which this is experienced by members of a community is reflected in the confidence and security of the respective society. As governance bodies across the world seek to establish sustainable solutions to the provision of national security and disaster management for their communities, they are challenged in addressing the conundrum of managing the influence of social media.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Technologies Applied Biofuel Production
The use of fossil energy sources has a negative impact on the economic and socio-political stability of specific regions and countries, causing environmental changes due to the emission of greenhouse gases. Moreover, the stocks of mineral energy are limited, causing the demand for new types and forms of energy. Biomass is a renewable energy source and represents an alternative to fossil energy sources. Microorganisms produce energy from the substrate and biomass, i.e., from substances in the microenvironment, to maintain their metabolism and life. However, specialized microorganisms also produce specific metabolites under almost abiotic circumstances that often do not have the immediate task of sustaining their own lives. Microorganisms can change the current paradigm, energy–environment, and open up countless opportunities for producing new energy sources, especially hydrogen, which is an ideal energy source for all systems (biological, physical, technological). Developing such energy production technologies can significantly change the already achieved critical level of greenhouse gases that significantly affect the climate.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
FOB (Shipping)
FOB, "Free On Board", is a term in international commercial law specifying at what point respective obligations, costs, and risk involved in the delivery of goods shift from the seller to the buyer under the Incoterms standard published by the International Chamber of Commerce. FOB is only used in non-containerized sea freight or inland waterway transport. As with all Incoterms, FOB does not define the point at which ownership of the goods is transferred. The term FOB is also used in modern domestic shipping within the United States to describe the point at which a seller is no longer responsible for shipping cost. Ownership of a cargo is independent from Incoterms. In international trade, ownership of the cargo is defined by the bill of lading or waybill.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Oct 2022
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