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Topic Review
Allan Hills 84001
Allan Hills 84001 (ALH84001) is a fragment of a Martian meteorite that was found in the Allan Hills in Antarctica on December 27, 1984, by a team of American meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project. Like other members of the shergottite–nakhlite–chassignite (SNC) group of meteorites, ALH84001 is thought to have originated on Mars. However, it does not fit into any of the previously discovered SNC groups. Its mass upon discovery was 1.93 kilograms (4.3 lb). In 1996, a group of scientists found evidence of microscopic fossils of bacteria in the meteorite, suggesting that these organisms also originated on Mars. The claims immediately made headlines worldwide, culminating in then-U.S. president Bill Clinton giving a speech about the potential discovery. These claims were controversial from the beginning, and the wider scientific community ultimately rejected the hypothesis once all the unusual features in the meteorite had been explained without requiring life to be present. Despite there being no convincing evidence of Martian life, the initial paper and the enormous scientific and public attention caused by it are considered turning points in the history of the developing science of astrobiology.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Human Signal Sources
Different signals are generated from different parts of the human body.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Big Five Personality Traits and Romantic Relationship Formation
This entry discusses whether personality traits from the Big Five model predict romantic relationship formation, especially in the context of professional matchmaking. Based on empirical evidence, it explores the limited role of traits like Extraversion or Agreeableness in actual partner selection and investigates why personality may be less predictive than expected in real-life settings.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Non-Flavonoid Polyphenols against Human Herpesviruses
Herpesviruses are one of the most contagious DNA viruses that threaten human health, causing severe diseases, including, but not limited to, certain types of cancer and neurological complications. The overuse and misuse of anti-herpesvirus drugs are key factors leading to drug resistance.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Morphologenetic and Molecular Mechanisms in Mammalian Palatogenesis
Palatogenesis is a complex and intricate process involving the formation of the palate through various morphogenetic events highly dependent on the surrounding context. These events comprise outgrowth of palatal shelves from embryonic maxillary prominences, their elevation from a vertical to a horizontal position above the tongue, and their subsequent adhesion and fusion at the midline to separate oral and nasal cavities. Disruptions in any of these processes can result in cleft palate, a common congenital abnormality that significantly affects patient’s quality of life, despite surgical intervention. Although many genes involved in palatogenesis have been identified through studies on genetically modified mice and human genetics, the precise roles of these genes and their products in signaling networks that regulate palatogenesis remain elusive. 
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Honey
Honey is one of the most prized medicinal remedies used since ancient times. There is evidence that indicates honey can function as a cardioprotective agent in cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.9K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
End Effectors in Agricultural Robotic Harvesting Systems
An end effector is a peripheral device attached to a robot’s wrist, enabling interaction during a task. For harvesting robots, the end effector is considered the contact point between the robot and the product to be harvested. Robotic systems have been designed to cover labor shortage, to increase the speed of harvesting, and to improve the efficiency of harvesting.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Livestock CH4 Emissions with the Laser Methane Detector
The handheld, portable laser methane detector (LMD) was developed to detect gas leaks in industry from a safe distance. Since 2009, it has also been used to measure the methane (CH4) concentration in the breath of cattle, sheep, and goats to quantify their CH4 emissions.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Perylene-Based Non-Fullerene Acceptors
Perylene has had a tremendous impact in the history of material research for the molecular semiconductors. Among numerous derivatives of this polyaromatic hydrocarbon, perylene diimide (PDI) represents a promising class of organic materials envisioned as non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) for the practical organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications due to their enhanced photo- and thermal stability and remarkably high electron affinity, some of which realize band-like transport properties. The present review guides some of the representative achievements in the development of rationally designed PDI systems, highlighting synthetic methodologies based on bay-functionalization strategies for creating well-designed molecular nanostructures and structure-performance relationship of perylene-based small molecular acceptors (SMAs) for the photovoltaic outcomes.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Broccoli
Broccoli is one of the jewels of the horticultural crops worldwide, belonging to the cruciferous family and very rich in key nutrients (vitamins, minerals, fibre, etc.) as well as a great group of bioactive compounds including carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates. Among these phytochemicals, the most-studied in crucifers associated with disease prevention and wellbeing are glucosinolates [See also https://encyclopedia.pub/808]. The content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds and glucosinolates naturally present in broccoli, can be increased through the management and control of the agronomic and environmental conditions used for broccoli cultivation. In this sense, the study of the effects of pre-harvest factors in the concentration of health-promoting compounds in broccoli, as a new strategy to be implemented in the field, can be considered of great interest. This would help to determine the best agronomic practices and cultivation conditions to improve the content of the compounds of interest in broccoli, without compromising its overall quality.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) is a health-promoting small fruit crop rich in antioxidant metabolites that helps to reduce the incidence of degenerative diseases. Being heterozygous, lingonberries cannot preserve genetic characteristics through seed propagation. Conventional vegetative propagation, although it produces true-to-type plants, is not economically viable. In vitro propagation can multiply plants much faster than conventional methods. A liquid cultures system under a bioreactor micropropagation system is of significant importance to increase the multiplication rates of in vitro-produced shoots. Enhanced vegetative growth and variation in biochemical constituents are observed in micropropagated plants. Clonal fidelity, although it may be a serious problem for commercial micropropagation, can be verified efficiently by molecular markers.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Understanding Apple Attribute Preferences of US Consumers
Fresh apples are a commonly consumed and widely available product in food markets around the world.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function
The bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) is among the most effective means to study the phenomenon of light–object interaction. It can precisely describe the characteristics of spatial reflection of the target surface, and has been applied to aerial remote sensing, imaging technology, materials analysis, and computer rendering technology. 
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Microglial Staining
Neuroinflammation has recently been identified as a fundamentally important pathological process in most, if not all, CNS diseases. The main contributor to neuroinflammation is the microglia, which constitute the innate immune response system. Accurate identification of microglia and their reactivity state is therefore essential to further understanding of CNS pathophysiology. Many staining techniques have been used to visualise microglia in rodent and human tissue, and immunostaining is currently the most frequently used.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Resistance to Gemcitabine
Gemcitabine is still the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the response rate is quite low. There are multiple mechanisms and participants in gemcitabine resistance.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Duality (Mathematics)
In mathematics, a duality translates concepts, theorems or mathematical structures into other concepts, theorems or structures, in a one-to-one fashion, often (but not always) by means of an involution operation: if the dual of A is B, then the dual of B is A. Such involutions sometimes have fixed points, so that the dual of A is A itself. For example, Desargues' theorem is self-dual in this sense under the standard duality in projective geometry. In mathematical contexts, duality has numerous meanings. It has been described as "a very pervasive and important concept in (modern) mathematics" and "an important general theme that has manifestations in almost every area of mathematics". Many mathematical dualities between objects of two types correspond to pairings, bilinear functions from an object of one type and another object of the second type to some family of scalars. For instance, linear algebra duality corresponds in this way to bilinear maps from pairs of vector spaces to scalars, the duality between distributions and the associated test functions corresponds to the pairing in which one integrates a distribution against a test function, and Poincaré duality corresponds similarly to intersection number, viewed as a pairing between submanifolds of a given manifold. From a category theory viewpoint, duality can also be seen as a functor, at least in the realm of vector spaces. This functor assigns to each space its dual space, and the pullback construction assigns to each arrow f: V → W its dual f∗: W∗ → V∗.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Amira
Amira (pronounce: Ah-meer-ah) is a software platform for 3D and 4D data visualization, processing, and analysis. It is being actively developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific in collaboration with the Zuse Institute Berlin (ZIB), and commercially distributed by Thermo Fisher Scientific.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hypoestrogenism
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections and osteoporosis. In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeping disturbances, decreased bone health, and changes in the genitourinary system. Hypoestrogenism is most commonly found in women who are postmenopausal, have primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), or are presenting with amenorrhea (absence of menstrual periods). Hypoestrogenism includes primarily genitourinary effects, including thinning of the vaginal tissue layers and an increase in vaginal pH. With normal levels of estrogen, the environment of the vagina is protected against inflammation, infections, and sexually transmitted infections. Hypoestrogenism can also occur in men, for instance due to hypogonadism. There are both hormonal and non-hormonal treatments to prevent the negative effects of low estrogen levels and improve quality of life.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Natural Cosmetics
Nanotechnology is a comparatively modern field in the cosmetic industry. Presently, nanotechnology is indeed important as a platform for creating science-based alternatives for advanced therapeutics and cosmetics, resolving antiaging challenges, and enhancing well-being. Nanotechnology is described as an investigation of substances on a molecular and atomic scale. Cosmeceuticals based on nanotechnology offer the benefits of product differentiation, improved bioavailability, and prolonged effects of active ingredients. 
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Lactoferrin in Industry
Lactoferrin (LF) is a protein belonging to the transferrin family, discovered for the first time in cow milk in 1939. It is produced by the epithelial mucosa. It is present in milk and colostrum, but can also be found in tears, saliva, gastric mucosa, the spleen, lymph nodes, skin, and even white blood cells. LF accounts for about 1% of whey proteins. Its concentration is highest in colostrum, but the level is not constant and decreases over the course of lactation, reaching its lowest values in mature milk. lactoferrin is used as an ingredient in food but mainly in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the European Union, bovine lactoferrin has been legally approved for use as a food ingredient since 2012.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Jan 2023
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