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Topic Review
NRF2 and Key Transcriptional Targets
Melanocytes are dendritic, pigment-producing cells located in the skin and are responsible for its protection against the deleterious effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which include DNA damage and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). They do so by synthesizing photoprotective melanin pigments and distributing them to adjacent skin cells (e.g., keratinocytes). However, melanocytes encounter a large burden of oxidative stress during this process, due to both exogenous and endogenous sources.To protect themselves, they utilize numerous antioxidant systems to reduce the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species present in the cell and this activity then contributes towards the prevention of cancer formation. However, after the formation of melanoma these same antioxidant systems are often coopted by the cancer in order to promote its uncontrolled growth and metastasis.
  • 797
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hematological Malignancies
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. In addition to several factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, etc., a growing body of evidence has indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in the communication of tumor cells within the TME, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. 
  • 796
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nucleobindin-2/Nesfatin-1
Nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) was first described in 1994 in KM3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line as a DNA binding/EF-hand/acidic-amino acid-rich protein. It has been extensively studied since Oh-I et al. identified nesftain-1 as a NUCB2 cleavage product. Several reports indicate that NUCB2/NESF-1 is also expressed in many organs and tissues (e.g., in the stomach, pancreas, heart, reproductive organs, and adipose tissue).
  • 796
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Influence of Heat Stress on Chicken Immune System
Heat stress (HS) in poultry husbandry is an important stressor and with increasing global temperatures its importance will increase. The negative effects of stress on the quality and quantity of poultry production are described in a range of research studies.
  • 795
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) encodes one of the eight known SFRP family members. This 3873 base pair coding gene is localized on chromosome 8p11, from nucleotide 41,261,957 to 41,309,473.
  • 794
  • 20 May 2021
Topic Review
Calebin A, a Compound of Turmeric
Calebin A (CA) is one of the active constituents of turmeric and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Excessive inflammation and cell apoptosis are the main causes of tendinitis and tendinopathies. However, the role of CA in tendinitis is still unclear and needs to be studied in detail.
  • 794
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Potential Causal Contributions to Post-Traumatic Syndrome
In vitro models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) help to elucidate the pathological mechanisms responsible for cell dysfunction and death.  Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and a drop in ΔΨm may cause delayed neuronal death and thus play a key role in the development of the post-traumatic syndrome. Preventing prolonged ΔΨm depolarization may be a promising therapeutic approach to improve neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury. 
  • 793
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Antioxidant Systems in Photoreceptors and RPE Cells
The retina, a multi-layered nervous structure in the back of the eye, detects light stimuli via specialised primary sensory neurons, named after their morphologies as retinal rods and cones. Rods and cones in vitro may retain their ability to respond to light for several hours by generating an electrical response. However, their viability and long-term operation require the functional interaction with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a vascular system with peculiar features, the choroidal capillaries (ChC), whose specific form and shape support its function.
  • 793
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mediators of RNA Loading into Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of membrane-coated vesicles with different proteomic and lipidomic profile, as well as different size. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that non-coding RNA (ncRNAs) cooperate in the gene regulatory networks with other biomolecules, including coding RNAs, DNAs and proteins. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in transcriptional and translation regulation at different levels. Intriguingly, ncRNAs can be packed in vesicles, released in the extracellular space, and finally internalized by receiving cells, thus affecting gene expression also at distance. 
  • 791
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Genes in Carcinogenesis
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus to be discovered and is a causative agent for several cancer types of epithelial and lymphoid origin. EBV has two life cycles comprised of latent and lytic phases. The lytic cycle is when new virions are produced, whereas the latent cycle is a state of persistent infection without productive viral replication. It has been recognized that latent infection is the predominant mode of infection in EBV-associated cancers and the expression of a restricted set of latent genes drives disease development. 
  • 791
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs/lncRNAs/circRNAs in Redox Control of Cell Senescence
Cell senescence is critical in diverse aspects of organism life. It represents a physiological program to arrest proliferation of damaged/harmful cells and is now considered an important contributor in aging and age-related pathologies. Non-coding RNAs are endogenous transcripts that govern gene regulatory networks impacting both physiological and pathological events. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and more recently circular RNAs (circRNAs) are considered crucial regulators of almost all cellular processes, including responses evoked by oxidative stress, such as senescence. 
  • 791
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neurodegenerative disease. Cell damage in ALS is the result of many different, largely unknown, pathogenetic mechanisms. Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) physiologically mediates intracellular peroxide generation. About 10% of ALS subjects show a familial disease associated with different gain-of-function SOD1 mutations. The occurrence of sporadic ALS, not clearly associated with SOD1 defects, has been also described. SOD1-dependent pathways have been involved in neuron functional network as well as in immune-response regulation. 
  • 789
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in wAMD
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. 
  • 789
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
P27Kip1
The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator p27Kip1 is a gatekeeper of G1/S transition. It also regulates G2/M progression and cytokinesis completion, via CDK-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recently, other important p27Kip1 functions have been described, including the regulation of cell motility and migration, the control of cell differentiation program and the activation of apoptosis/autophagy.
  • 788
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Post-Ischemic Tau Protein
Recent data suggest that post-ischemic brain neurodegeneration in humans and animals is associated with the modified tau protein in a manner typical of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology. Pathological changes in the tau protein, at the gene and protein level due to cerebral ischemia, can lead to the development of Alzheimer’s disease-type neuropathology and dementia. Some studies have shown increased tau protein staining and gene expression in neurons following ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. Recent studies have found the tau protein to be associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuronal function. In this review, we discuss the interrelationship of these phenomena with post-ischemic changes in the tau protein in the brain. The tau protein may be at the intersection of many pathological mechanisms due to severe neuropathological changes in the brain following ischemia. The data indicate that an episode of cerebral ischemia activates the damage and death of neurons in the hippocampus in a tau protein-dependent manner, thus determining a novel and important mechanism for the survival and/or death of neuronal cells following ischemia. In this review, we update our understanding of proteomic and genomic changes in the tau protein in post-ischemic brain injury and present the relationship between the modified tau protein and post-ischemic neuropathology and present a positive correlation between the modified tau protein and a post-ischemic neuropathology that has characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease-type neurodegeneration. 
  • 788
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of every cell, β-cell in particular.  β-cells are not primarily detoxifying like e.g. hepatocytes or kidney cells and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized. These proteins keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling which is inevitable for proper β-cell function (particularly insulin secretion) and maintenance. Dysbalance in redox homeostasis establishes oxidative stress which accompanies the development of type 2 diabetes.
  • 787
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Human iPSC-Derived Astrocytes in Neurological Disorders
Astrocytes, the most-abundant non-neuronal cell population in the central nervous system, play a vital role in these processes. They are involved in various functions in the brain, such as the regulation of synapse formation, neuroinflammation, and lactate and glutamate levels. The development of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reformed the research in neurodegenerative disorders allowing for the generation of disease-relevant neuronal and non-neuronal cell types that can help in disease modeling, drug screening, and, possibly, cell transplantation strategies.
  • 787
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Endospore Appendages
The endospores (spores) of many Bacillus cereus sensu lato species are decorated with multiple hair/pilus-like appendages. Although they have been observed for more than 50 years, all efforts to characterize these fibers in detail have failed until now, largely due to their extraordinary resilience to proteolytic digestion and chemical solubilization. A recent structural analysis of B. cereus endospore appendages (Enas) using cryo-electron microscopy has revealed the structure of two distinct fiber morphologies: the longer and more abundant “Staggered-type” (S-Ena) and the shorter “Ladder-like” type (L-Ena), which further enabled the identification of the genes encoding the S-Ena. Ena homologs are widely and uniquely distributed among B. cereus sensu lato species, suggesting that appendages play important functional roles in these species. The discovery of ena genes is expected to facilitate functional studies involving Ena-depleted mutant spores to explore the role of Enas in the interaction between spores and their environment. 
  • 783
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Modelling Ischaemic Stroke In Vitro
Most of the knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms of an ischaemic stroke is derived from animal-based in vitro and in vivo models. Over the past decades, different animal models of stroke have been developed, induced by emboli, intraluminal suture, photothrombosis or endothelin-1, typically in rodents. The rat is one of the most commonly used species in stroke research, among other reasons, due to the similarity of the cerebral vasculature and physiology with that of humans. Moreover, mice are often used, since they are helpful in unravelling the function of certain genes in the pathophysiology of stroke by means of the creation of transgenic mice. Animal stroke models have been an indispensable tool, as they can model different aspects of the complex pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke that cannot be modelled (yet) in simple in vitro models lacking intact blood vessels and blood flow. However, simplified, highly controlled in vitro systems are required and preferred when investigating specific basic mechanisms and cell type-specific responses under ischaemia-like conditions. Besides, in the context of testing potential neuroprotective compounds, working in vitro allows high-throughput screenings, even on a human-based background.
  • 783
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Krüppel-like Factors 4 and 5 in Colorectal Tumorigenesis
Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors regulating various biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, invasion, and homeostasis. Importantly, they participate in disease development and progression. KLFs are expressed in multiple tissues, and their role is tissue- and context-dependent. KLF4 and KLF5 are two fascinating members of this family that regulate crucial stages of cellular identity from embryogenesis through differentiation and, finally, during tumorigenesis. They maintain homeostasis of various tissues and regulate inflammation, response to injury, regeneration, and development and progression of multiple cancers such as colorectal, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, lung, and prostate, to name a few.
  • 782
  • 12 Sep 2023
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