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Topic Review
Renewable Energy in Algeria
Algeria—being the largest county in Africa—has experienced a rapid growth in energy demand over the past decade due to the significant increase in residential, commercial, and industry sectors.
  • 1.8K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Smart City Assessment Tools
Today's cities are estimated to generate 80% of global GDP, covering only about 3% of the land, but contributing to about 72% of all global greenhouse gas emissions. Cities face significant challenges, such as population growth, pollution, congestion, lack of physical and social infrastructures, while trying to simultaneously meet sustainable energy and environmental requirements. The Smart City concept intends to address these challenges by identifying new and intelligent ways to manage the complexity of urban living and implement solutions for multidisciplinary problems in cities. With the increasing number of Smart City projects being implemented around the world, it is important to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses for their future improvement and evolution track record.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Grid Code Requirements in Ethiopia
Rapid integration of renewable energy into the electric grid has ramifications for grid management and planning. Therefore, system operators have formulated grid code requirements to ensure that the grid continues to operate in a secure, safe, and cost-effective manner. The current state of grid code in Ethiopia, as well as the need for it, is discussed here. It lays out the technological grid integration requirements, with a focus on small and microgrids, which are especially important for the integration of renewable. 
  • 1.8K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Small-Scale Carbon Capture Systems
Carbon capture is the most costly phase of a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) supply chain, due to high capture cost from sources, which are diluted in CO2. This is especially true at a small-scale, as CO2 content in flue gases are significantly lower than those from large scale energy generation. The values of the cost of CO2 captured and the cost of CO2 avoided reported by Rubin et al. would be much lower than those for small-scale generation due to the diluted CO2.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Energy Recovery in Air Conditioning Systems
Energy has become the backbone of humanities daily activities. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), which consume around 39% of energy in the residential sector, have turned into an essential constituent for providing fresh air, especially after COVD-19, not only in hospitals but also in any simple construction. Thus, decreasing this percentage or recovering part of the energy lost is an essential issue in today’s energy management scenarios.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pressure Wave Supercharger
One main direction in improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, together with lowering the emissions, is supercharging, i.e., creating a considerable amount of boost for the inlet combustion air. Turbochargers are the most commonly used for this task, but another advantageous alternative exploiting the energy within exhaust gases is the pressure wave supercharger (PWS).
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Energy Storage Flywheel Rotors – Mechanical Design
Definition: Energy storage flywheel systems are mechanical devices that typically utilize an electrical machine (motor/generator unit) to convert electrical energy in mechanical energy and vice versa. Energy is stored in a fast-rotating mass known as the flywheel rotor. The rotor is subject to high centripetal forces requiring careful design, analysis, and fabrication to ensure the safe operation of the storage device.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Asphaltene
Asphaltenes is the heaviest and most polar fraction of petroleum not yet wery well characterized and only presently define by they solubility.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Gel Fuels Preparation
Gel fuels can become an alternative energy resource within the framework of the implementation of the program for developments in rocket and space technology. These propellants combine the advantages of solid and liquid rocket propellants, of which the main ones are related to safety aspects, energy efficiency and storage. The components range and gel fuels compositions are diverse, so the method of their preparation in each specific case can be quite different, especially when using thickeners of various origins.
  • 1.8K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Sulfur-Based Hydrogen Production Thermochemical Cycles
Thermochemical processes based on sulfur compounds are among the most developed systems to produce hydrogen through water splitting. Due to their operating conditions, sulfur cycles are suited to be coupled with either nuclear or solar plants for renewable hydrogen production. A description of the most promising sulfur cycles, namely the Hybrid Sulfur, the Sulfur Iodine, the Sulfur Bromine and the Sulfur Ammonia processes, is given, including the work being performed for each cycle and discussing their maturity and performance for nuclear and solar applications. 
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Battery Energy Storage Systems Ancillary Services
The battery energy storage system (BESS) is significant in providing ancillary services to the grid. The BESS plays a crucial role in facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the grid by compensating for the fluctuations produced by RESs as intermittent resources. Ancillary services encompass all the services necessary for the grid operator (transmission and distribution operator) to maintain the system’s integrity, stability, and power quality. Grid operators ensure a reliable power supply, frequency, voltage, and power load within certain limits. 
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Energy Management System in Microgrids
This entry gives a brief introduction to microgrids, their operations, and further, a review of different energy management approaches. In a microgrid control strategy, an energy management system (EMS) is the key component to maintain the balance between energy resources (CG, DG, ESS, and EVs) and loads available while contributing the profit to utility. This article classifies the methodologies used for EMS based on the structure, control, and technique used.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Nafion-Based Membrane
Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membrane (PEM), has been widely used in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to serve as a proton carrier, methanol barrier, and separator for the anode and cathode. A significant drawback of Nafion in DMFC applications is the high anode-to-cathode methanol fuel permeability that results in over 40% fuel waste.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Vulnerabilities and Challenges in IoT-Enabled Smart Grids
Internet of Things (IoT) has appeared as one of the enabling technologies for smart energy grids by delivering abundant cutting-edge solutions in various domains, including critical infrastructures. As IoT-enabled devices continue to flourish, one of the major challenges is security issues, since IoT devices are connected through the Internet, thus making the smart grids vulnerable to a diverse range of cyberattacks. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel produced through catalytic transesterification of triglycerides from edible and non-edible oils and alcohol is considered a clean and renewable alternative to traditional petro-diesel. Homogeneous alkaline catalysts have been widely used in this reaction due to their high activity. Optimization studies have been carried out to improve the biodiesel yields by modulation of the reaction conditions such as temperature, alcohol to oil ratio, catalysts concentration, time, and agitation speed. Several designs of experiments can be used to model to achieve this. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biomass Feedstocks Thermochemical Conversion Processes
An effective analytical technique for biomass characterisation is inevitable for biomass utilisation in energy production. To improve biomass processing, various thermal conversion methods such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification have been widely used to improve biomass processing. Thermogravimetric analysers (TG) and gas chromatography (GC) are among the most fundamental analytical techniques utilised in biomass thermal analysis. Thus, GC and TG, in combination with MS, FTIR, or two-dimensional analysis, were used to examine the key parameters of biomass feedstock and increase the productivity of energy crops. We can also determine the optimal ratio for combining two separate biomass or coals during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the best synergetic relationship. 
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Electricity Tariffs and Solutions for Optimal Energy Management
Today, electricity tariffs play an essential role in the electricity retail market as they are the key factor for the decision-making of end-users. Additionally, tariffs are necessary for increasing competition in the electricity market. They have a great impact on load energy management. Moreover, tariffs are not taken as a fixed approach to expense calculations only but are influenced by many other factors, such as electricity generation, transmission, distribution costs, and governmental taxation. Thus, electricity pricing differs significantly between countries or between regions within a country. Improper tariff calculation methodologies in some areas have led to high-power losses, unnecessary investments, increased operational expenses, and environmental pollution due to the non-use of available sustainable energy resources.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Agrivoltaic Systems Design
An agrivoltaic system is a complex system, being, at least, a spatial, an energy and an agronomic system. Its design and assessment must adhere to requirements set depending on the project’s needs in order to meet desired performance quality objectives. Different dimensions of performance need to be taken into account.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Solar-Powered Plant Protection Equipment
Solar photovoltaic (PV) devices present a positive approach to sustainable crop production by reducing crop loss in various ways. This might result in the extensive use of PV devices in the near future. PV-based plant protection equipment/devices are primarily utilized in protecting crops from birds, weeds, or insects. The utilization of PV systems for different applications constitutes a new era in agriculture, horticulture, and forest sectors. A PV system is a potential alternative, offering more opportunities in operating different types of electricity-based agricultural equipment. The development of devices with simple construction/operation for plant protection may work well on small-scale farms.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Modeling Approaches of Biogas Production
Biogas production is a relevant component in renewable energy systems. Model approaches of biogas production show different levels of detail. They can be classified as white, gray, and black box, or bottom-up and top-down approaches. On the one hand, biogas modeling can supply dynamic information on the anaerobic digestion process, e.g., to predict biogas yields or to optimize the anaerobic digestion process. These models are characterized by a bottom-up approach with different levels of detail: the comprehensive ADM1 (white box), simplifications and abstractions of AD models (gray box), or highly simplified process descriptions (black box). On the other hand, biogas production is included in energy system models. These models usually supply aggregated information on regional biogas potentials and greenhouse gas emissions. They are characterized by a top-down approach with a low level of detail. Most energy system models reported in literature are based on black box approaches. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of the integration of detailed and deeply investigated process models in energy system models reveals the opportunity to develop dynamic and fluctuating business models of biogas usage. 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jul 2021
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