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Topic Review
Ceramic Nanomaterials in Caries Prevention
Ceramic nanomaterials are nanoscale inorganic metalloid solids that can be synthesised by heating at high temperatures followed by rapid cooling. Researchers are developing ceramic nanomaterials for dental use because ceramic nanoparticles are more stable and cheaper in production than metallic nanoparticles. Ceramic nanomaterials can be used to prevent dental caries because some of them have mineralising properties to promote the remineralisation of tooth tissue. 
  • 753
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Disinfectants to Clean Thermoplastic Polymeric Appliances in Orthodontics
Chemical disinfectants can use corrosion of the thermoplastic appliances and change in color, resulting in shorter service life. It is difficult to determine the optimum disinfection time interval of chemical disinfectants, and most often, the treatments are not aligned with the consumer use patterns, making it difficult in regard to cleaning patterns.
  • 751
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Endodontic–Periodontal Lesions
Endodontic–periodontal lesions (EPLs) are chronic inflammatory lesions in the mouth caused by multiple factors. Both periapical and marginal periodontitis are characterized by infection and inflammation around the affected teeth, suggesting that the theory of complex systems might describe the progression of EPL.
  • 751
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CAD/CAM 3D Printing Dental Materials
Additive manufacturing is a relatively new technology consisting of a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) workflow, which allows the substitution of many materials with digital data. This process requires three fundamental steps represented by the digitalization of an item through a scanner, the editing of the data acquired using a software, and the manufacturing technology to transform the digital data into a final product, respectively.
  • 750
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Regulators of Fibrinolysis in Oral Cavity
The oral cavity is a unique environment that consists of teeth surrounded by periodontal tissues, oral mucosae with minor salivary glands, and terminal parts of major salivary glands that open into the oral cavity. It is a first-line defense against most viral and bacterial pathogens. Fibrinolytic factors of the plasminogen (Plg)/plasmin (Pm) system, their soluble and membrane receptors, and fragments, such as suPAR (soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) modulate physiological and pathological conditions, especially inflammation.  Fibrinolysis, the removal of fibrin, is the primary function of fibrinolytic factors. Under physiological conditions, fibrinolytic factors are present in the oral cavity and secreted mostly with saliva. Under the inflammation plasminogen/plasmin system performs fibrinolytic and non-fibrinolytic functions: cytokines or proteases (MMPs) are activated, receptors such as suPAR are shed from the surface promoting cell migration, and modulation of the inflammatory response. Viruses, like SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), exploit the fibrinolytic system to promote host cell infection.
  • 747
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry dealing with children's oral health through the education, promotion, prevention and care of oral pathologies. Oral health is an essential part of the overall health and wellbeing. Good oral health needs not only sound teeth and periodontium, but also the wellbeing of all structures of the mouth, jaw, oral, and peri-oral tissues. Most oral health conditions are largely preventable in children and can be treated in their early stages. Caries represent one of the most common non-communicable diseases and the most prevalent among oral diseases in childhood, despite being easily prevented. Factors contributing to oral diseases are an unhealthy diet (rich in fermentable sugars), inadequate oral hygiene, and low fluoride exposure.
  • 745
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Oral Cancer Diagnosis
Oral cancer is a malignant condition on the lips or in the oral cavity including the tongue, gingiva, mouth floor, parotid, salivary glands, and throat. More than 90% of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a modern diagnostic tool with great potential to provide rapid, objective and accurate early diagnosis of oral cancer, as well as accurate OSCC grading for better cancer management. 
  • 744
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Management of COVID-19-Associated Mucormycosis
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which comes with several comorbidities, was declared a pandemic in early 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO). Glucocorticoids that are used in severe cases of COVID-19 as therapeutic measures may lead to opportunistic fungal infections in such patients. Mucormycosis is one of these infections and mostly occurs in immune-compromised patients such as those who undergo transplant surgeries. 
  • 743
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Additively Manufactured Polylactic Acid in Dentistry
Additive manufacturing (AM), which is also called rapid prototyping/3D printing/layered manufacturing, can be considered as a rapid conversion between digital and physical models. One of the most used materials in AM is polylactic acid (PLA), which has advantageous material properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. For many medical applications, it is considered as a leading biomaterial. In dentistry, in addition to its uses in dental models (education, teaching, simulation needs), it can be used for therapeutic objectives and tissue engineering.
  • 740
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Elastodontic Appliances
The term “functional appliance” refers to a lot of orthodontic appliances initially designed primarily to correct Class II malocclusion; their use received much acclaim in Europe in the 20th century but not in the USA, where Angle’s philosophy, which put in the foreground the need to achieve an ideal dental occlusion with a fixed multibrackets device, was preferred. Elastodontics, therefore, aims to solve skeletal and functional problems in the growth period. Still, at the same time, it represents an extraordinary instrument to readjust the vertical dimension in the adult patient for prosthetic purposes. Elastodontics is a new therapeutic approach that uses removable appliances made with an elastomeric material to produce light and elastic forces to correct malocclusion, aligning them and reducing potential risk factors that can affect growth. This therapy simplifies or eliminates a possible and subsequent orthodontic intervention because it facilitates balanced growth, reduces the number of extractions, and increases stability during treatment. If you change the function through the re-education of behaviour, you will also change the shape. The main purpose of the functional treatment is to “guide” the proper growth of the bone bases by stimulating the perioral muscles and neuromuscular system.
  • 723
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review
COVID and Dentistry
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, whose first case was reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. In January 2021, the pandemic is still ongoing and is getting worse [1]. Dental surgery is considered to be a profession at high risk for being infected, and therefore transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Our professional practice was disrupted by lockdowns, resulting in reduced activity, new dental protocols and additional costs for staff protective equipment. This has caused unexpected financial difficulties for many dental practitioners. Even with treatments or vaccines, our professional practice will probably never revert back to the previous situation, as the new constraints may become permanent.
  • 720
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Dental Tissue Small Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound bilayered lipid particles that are secreted from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, carrying a cargo of biological molecules (i.e., protein, nucleic acid, lipids and metabolites) from their parent cells. Dental tissue-derived (or stem) cells have remarkable characteristics for therapeutic application, being easily accessible and a rich source of stem cells with a well-known regenerative capacity. A great variety of multipotent adult or postnatal stem cells can be retrieved from dental tissues, especially from periodontal tissue and dental pulp from extracted permanent teeth (dental pulp stem cells—DPSCs) and exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Stem cells can be obtained from dental apical papilla tissues (SCAP) and dental follicles (DFSCs, or DFCs) of the developing tooth. Importantly, EV that is derived from these cells can be detected within periodontal tissues and biofluid (i.e., gingival crevicular fluid).
  • 714
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
PEEK in Fixed Dental Prostheses
The success of a fixed dental restoration depends on three key factors: biomechanical behavior (wear resistance and fracture resistance), marginal fit, and aesthetics, generating extremely strict demands for the restoration material. Zirconia has become a popular alternative to metal in fixed dental prostheses, known for its excellent aesthetics. More importantly, zirconia exhibits better wear resistance than metal and alloys. PEEK is proposed as a promising alternative material to zirconia because of its superior mechanical properties. PEEK is also significantly less abrasive than zirconia. 
  • 714
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Dental Fiber-Post Systems
The field of dental medicine is constantly evolving and advancing toward minimally invasive techniques. Several studies have demonstrated that bonding to the tooth structure, particularly enamel, yields the most predictable results. In some instances, however, significant tooth loss, pulpal necrosis, or irreversible pulpitis may limit the options available to the restorative dentist. In these cases, placement of a post and core followed by a crown is the preferred treatment option, provided all requirements are met.
  • 709
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Amelioration Strategies for Silver Diamine Fluoride
Topical cariostatic agents have become a reasonable alternative for managing dental caries in young children. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a practical topical approach to arrest caries and avoid extensive and risky dental treatment. The rapid oxidation of ionic silver darkens demineralised tooth structure permanently. In this regard, nano-metallic antimicrobials could augment or substitute for silver, and thereby enhance SDF aesthetic performance.
  • 700
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dental and Periodontal Tissues
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are significant proteases, of evident contribution in dental and periapical tissue development, health and disease processes, with promising potential for use as diagnostic and prognostic disease biomarkers. Continuing understanding of their role in pathogenesis and progress of different dental, periapical and periodontal lesions, as well as in dentine-pulp wound healing could be a keystone to future diagnostic and therapeutic regimens.
  • 694
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Nitrate and the Maintenance of Oral Health
Nitrate (NO3) is the oxidative product of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite (NO2). As soil content, NO3 is an essential substrate for all plant growth and provides, among other things, the nitrogen required for the synthesis of nitrogenous amino acids. It is taken up by the plant roots and originates either from the microbial decomposition of organic waste or from the activity of certain soil bacteria utilizing atmospheric nitrogen for the synthesis of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. Since available nitrate is the limiting factor for plant growth, it is deliberately added to the soil in agricultural crop production in the form of nitrate-containing fertilizers. Although the role of the oral microbiota as a key element in the alternative formation of NO2 and NO from nitrate-rich foods has been known for many years, it is surprisingly only in recent years that the therapeutic and preventive prospects of a nitrate-rich diet have attracted the interest of dental researchers.
  • 691
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Tooth Diversity
Although the evolution of tooth structure seems highly conserved, remarkable diversity exists among species due to different living environments and survival requirements. Along with the conservation, this diversity of evolution allows for the optimized structures and functions of teeth under various service conditions, providing valuable resources for the rational design of biomimetic materials. 
  • 691
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Periodontal Diseases
Periodontal diseases, in the light of the new classification, have been divided into three general categories: gum disease, periodontitis, and other conditions affecting the periodontium.
  • 689
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic 3D Scaffolds to Reproduce Periodontal Ligament Microenvironment
The periodontium is a complex system composed of gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), cementum, and alveolar bone, featuring a hierarchically compartmentalized architecture. The homeostasis of this system is maintained by the PDL, a specialized connective tissue, which is located between the cementum and alveolar bone and articulates (gomphosis) the teeth to the jaws. Embryologically, PDL derives from the dental follicle cells under the guidance of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS), which secrete numerous epithelium-derived factors before obliterating almost completely.
  • 686
  • 05 Dec 2022
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