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Topic Review
Peri-Implantitis Regenerative Therapy
Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting the soft and hard tissues around dental implants. This review will focus on the regenerative treatment of peri-implant osseous defects in order to provide some evidence that can aid clinicians in the approach to peri-implant disease treatment. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Barrier Membranes in Regenerative Procedures
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR) became common procedures in the corrective phase of periodontal treatment. In order to obtain good quality tissue neo-formation, most techniques require the use of a membrane that will act as a barrier, having as a main purpose the blocking of cell invasion from the gingival epithelium and connective tissue into the newly formed bone structure. Different techniques and materials have been developed, aiming to obtain the perfect barrier membrane. The membranes can be divided according to the biodegradability of the base material into absorbable membranes and non-absorbable membranes. The use of absorbable membranes is extremely widespread due to their advantages, but in clinical situations of significant tissue loss, the use of non-absorbable membranes is often still preferred.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cleft Lip Palate Patient
Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are craniofacial dysmorphisms that fall within the anomalies of the developmental jaws as they are congenital malformations characterized by the arrested development of the homonymous regions of the maxillofacial district. Orofacial clefts occur due to failure of migration or fusion in the embryonic period of intrauterine life; craniofacial skeletal structures, hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity are particularly involved. The cause of cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is thought to be multifactorial, namely through genetic or environmental factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis
Periodontitis is one of the most common oral diseases resulting in gingival inflammation and tooth loss. Growing evidence indicates that it results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, which interferes with the host immune system, leading to bone destruction. Immune cells activate periodontal ligament cells to express the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) and promote osteoclast activity. Osteocytes have active roles in periodontitis progression in the bone matrix. Local proteins are involved in bone regeneration through functional immunological plasticity.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Motor Skill Learning
Motor skill learning requires the control and integration of a range of stimuli and responses to be able to perform the desired motor task. How can we explain, support, or predict how people learn these skills? Several learning theories have been developed to explain how learning motor skills occurs and what stimulates individuals to learn and change.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Buccal Bone Thickness in Anterior and Posterior Teeth
The Buccal Bone Thickness (BBT) of maxillary premolar teeth was 1.40 ± 0.75 mm in the region of the alveolar crest, 1.28 ± 0.80 mm at the medial area of the radix, and 1.84 ± 1.16 mm at the apex. Maxillary molar teeth showed a BBT of 1.42 ± 0.74 at the alveolar crest, 1.56 ± 1.05 in the middle part, and 2.78 ± 2.04 mm at the apex. In the mandible, the value distributions were: 0.95 ± 0.58 mm between the crestal part of the root and the surface of the buccal bone, 0.92 ± 0.66 mm at 4 to 9 mm apically to the alveolar crest, and 2.90 ± 1.58 mm at the apex of the radix.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oral and Periodontal Bacteria Microbiota Photobiomodulation
The visible and near-infrared wavelengths can affect bacterial growth. Like in eukaryotic cells also in bacteria, photobiomodulation can affect cellular metabolism, homeostasis, defence to stress, and life-and-death mechanisms. Light-bacteria interaction for microbiota management can represent a supportive medical approach in health and illness patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Accuracy of 3-Dimensionally Printed Full-Arch Dental Models
Accuracy of 3D printed models varied widely between <100 to >500 μm with the majority of models deemed of clinically acceptable accuracy. The smallest (3.3 μm) and largest (579 μm) mean errors were produced by SLA printers. For digital light processing (DLP), majority of investigated printers (n = 6/8) produced models with <100 μm accuracy. Manufacturing parameters, including layer thickness, base design, postprocessing and storage, significantly influenced the model’s accuracy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Disinfectants to Clean Thermoplastic Polymeric Appliances in Orthodontics
Chemical disinfectants can use corrosion of the thermoplastic appliances and change in color, resulting in shorter service life. It is difficult to determine the optimum disinfection time interval of chemical disinfectants, and most often, the treatments are not aligned with the consumer use patterns, making it difficult in regard to cleaning patterns.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Making of Surgical Guide for TADs
A temporary anchorage devices (TADs)  surgical guide is a guide that allows a dental surgeon to place TAD in a precise, pre-planned location to give the ideal depth, angulation, and screw size to fit the area for anchorage purposes. The purpose of anchorage in orthodontics is to move a tooth or teeth for dental and alveolar orthopedic purposes. The TAD number of the screw that can be placed using the surgical guide may range from one to multiple, depending on the purpose of the anchorage needed. The surgical guide is made from hard materials like acrylic or metal. The TAD surgical guide is positioned over the adjacent teeth to maintain stability during the maneuver. The surgical guide is created using CAD/CAM technology and a 3D printer.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Nitrate and the Maintenance of Oral Health
Nitrate (NO3) is the oxidative product of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrite (NO2). As soil content, NO3 is an essential substrate for all plant growth and provides, among other things, the nitrogen required for the synthesis of nitrogenous amino acids. It is taken up by the plant roots and originates either from the microbial decomposition of organic waste or from the activity of certain soil bacteria utilizing atmospheric nitrogen for the synthesis of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate. Since available nitrate is the limiting factor for plant growth, it is deliberately added to the soil in agricultural crop production in the form of nitrate-containing fertilizers. Although the role of the oral microbiota as a key element in the alternative formation of NO2 and NO from nitrate-rich foods has been known for many years, it is surprisingly only in recent years that the therapeutic and preventive prospects of a nitrate-rich diet have attracted the interest of dental researchers.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
AI Applications in Dental Diagnostics and Cephalometric Analysis
Artificial intelligence (AI) describes the ability of machines to perform tasks that are classified as intelligent. AI can be classified into two main categories: symbolic AI and machine learning (ML). Symbolic AI involves structuring an algorithm in a way that is easily understandable to humans. Machine learning (ML) is the predominant paradigm in the field of AI. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine has transformed various medical specialties, including orthodontics. AI has shown promising results in enhancing the accuracy of diagnoses, treatment planning, and predicting treatment outcomes. Its usage in orthodontic practices worldwide has increased with the availability of various AI applications and tools.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hand Hygiene in a Pandemic Context with SARS-CoV-2
Hand hygiene (HH) is the basis of any program for infection control. It's a good predictor of nosocomial infections, especially when the medical staff come in contact with a patient’s oral cavity. HH is a widespread topic among students or practitioners. Aspects regarding HH have been addressed in numerous studies conducted during the pandemic period with SARS-CoV-2.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oral Mucosa in Food Allergy
Oral mucosa remodeling has been recently proven to be a feature of severe allergic phenotypes and autoimmune diseases. This remodeling process includes epithelial barrier disruption and the release of inflammatory signals. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota and Oral Cancer
A complex balanced equilibrium of the bacterial ecosystems exists in the oral cavity that can be altered by tobacco smoking, psychological stressors, bad dietary habit, and chronic periodontitis. Oral dysbiosis can promote the onset and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through the release of toxins and bacterial metabolites, stimulating local and systemic inflammation, and altering the host immune response. During the process of carcinogenesis, the composition of the bacterial community changes qualitatively and quantitatively. Bacterial profiles are characterized by targeted sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in tissue and saliva samples in patients with OSCC. The human microbiota may determine the response to cancer therapy through different mechanisms, and thus may positively or negatively influence the outcome.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Smart Nanoparticles in Dental Applications
A strong trend in dental applications is to apply nanotechnology and smart nanomaterials such as nanoclays, nanofibers, nanocomposites, nanobubbles, nanocapsules, solid-lipid nanoparticles, nanospheres, metallic nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Amelogenin-Derived Peptides
Amelogenins are enamel matrix proteins currently used to treat bone defects in periodontal surgery. Recent studies have highlighted the relevance of amelogenin-derived peptides, named LRAP, TRAP, SP, and C11, in bone tissue engineering. Interestingly, these peptides seem to maintain or even improve the biological activity of the full-length protein, which has received attention in the field of bone regeneration.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Graphene Derivatives in Caries Management
Graphene is a two-dimensional mono-atomic sp2 hybridized carbon-based nanomaterial known as the thinnest and strongest element in existence. Dental caries is the chronic local damage of dental hard tissue (enamel, dentin, and cementum) that acidic byproducts of bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates often cause, and periodontal disease is the inflammation of periodontium (gums, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone surrounding the teeth); both are associated with microbes. 
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation in Tooth Surgery
The surgical extraction of the lower third molars is widely practiced in oral surgery. Subsequent inflammatory complications such as pain, facial swelling, and trismus can negatively affect the quality of life of the patients. Non-medication methods used to minimize tissue injury after third-molar extraction and without side effects include the use of photobiomodulation.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing of Dental Prostheses
Revolutionary fabrication technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) printing to develop dental structures are expected to replace traditional methods due to their ability to establish constructs with the required mechanical properties and detailed structures. Three-dimensional printing, as an additive manufacturing approach, has the potential to rapidly fabricate complex dental prostheses by employing a bottom-up strategy in a layer-by-layer fashion. This new technology allows dentists to extend their degree of freedom in selecting, creating, and performing the required treatments. Three-dimensional printing has been narrowly employed in the fabrication of various kinds of prostheses and implants. There is still an on-demand production procedure that offers a reasonable method with superior efficiency to engineer multifaceted dental constructs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 May 2023
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