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Topic Review
Heteroelement Analogues of Benzoxaborole
Heteroelement analogues of benzoxaboroles constitute an interesting class of boracyclic compounds and may offer the opportunity for various applications while retaining high stability arising from the presence of a strong B-O bond in the ring structure. The replacement of a carbon atom in the boracycle or an adjacent benzene ring with a heteroatom may result in a significant change of structural behaviour. Moreover,  physicochemical properties, including solubility, lipophilicity, hydrolytic stability, boron Lewis acidity, and others, can be modified. The aim of this review is to highlight several emerging groups of boracyclic systems which comprise various heteroelement atoms such as another boron, silicon, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iodine. The information on synthesis and properties of such systems is complemented by presentation of their practical potential encompassing especially organic synthesis and catalysis as as medicinal chemistry. 
  • 677
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Secrets of Flavonoid Synthesis in Mushroom Cells
Flavonoids are chemical compounds that occur widely across the plant kingdom. They are considered valuable food additives with pro-health properties, and their sources have also been identified in other kingdoms. Especially interesting is the ability of edible mushrooms to synthesize flavonoids. Mushrooms are usually defined as a group of fungal species capable of producing macroscopic fruiting bodies, and there are many articles considering the content of flavonoids in this group of fungi. Whereas the synthesis of flavonoids was revealed in mycelial cells, the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to produce flavonoids does not seem to be clearly resolved. This entry, as an overview of the latest key scientific findings on flavonoids in mushrooms, outlines and organizes the current state of knowledge on the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to synthesize this important group of compounds for vital processes. Putting the puzzle of the current state of knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis in mushroom cells together, a universal scheme of studies to unambiguously decide whether the fruiting bodies of individual mushrooms are capable of synthesizing flavonoids that was proposed.
  • 677
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic-Assisted Treatment of Liver Fibrosis
Chronic liver injury can be induced by viruses, toxins, cellular activation, and metabolic dysregulation and can lead to liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis still remains a major burden on the global health systems. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered the main cause of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are key targets in antifibrotic treatment, but selective engagement of these cells is an unresolved issue. 
  • 676
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Algal Metabolites as an Immune Booster against COVID-19
Algae and algae-derived products are rich sources of natural products or metabolites synthesized during metabolism. Algae are a rich source of compounds such as lectins and sulfated polysaccharides, which have potent antiviral and immunity-boosting properties. Moreover, Algae-derived compounds or metabolites can be used as antibodies and vaccine raw materials against COVID-19. Furthermore, some algal species can boost immunity, reduce viral activity in humans and be recommended for usage as a COVID-19 preventative measure.
  • 676
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Role of Hexokinases in Metabolic Reprogramming
The role of hexokinases in metabolic reprogramming in cancer is multifaceted and pivotal for the altered metabolic phenotype observed in cancer cells. Hexokinases, a group of enzymes responsible for catalyzing the first step of glycolysis, play a critical role in regulating glucose metabolism in cancer cells. In cancer, hexokinases are upregulated and exhibit distinct isoform preferences. Hexokinases facilitate the Warburg effect, a hallmark metabolic alteration in cancer cells characterized by increased glycolysis and decreased oxidative phosphorylation by promoting high glucose consumption and ATP production. Furthermore, hexokinases also participate in other metabolic pathways, such as the pentose phosphate pathway and mitochondrial metabolism, contributing to the rewiring of cancer cell metabolism. The overexpression of hexokinases in cancer cells supports the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapidly proliferating cells and confers survival advantages by modulating cellular redox status and apoptosis. The dysregulation of hexokinases in cancer cells presents a promising target for cancer therapy. Understanding their role in metabolic reprogramming provides crucial insights into cancer metabolism and potential therapeutic strategies.
  • 676
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Proteomics in Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is currently recognized as a life-threatening disease, leading to an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, AKI is characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels, typically followed by a sudden drop in glomerulus filtration rate (GFR). Changes in urine output are usually associated with the renal inability to excrete urea and other nitrogenous waste products, causing extracellular volume and electrolyte imbalances. Several molecular mechanisms were proposed to be affiliated with AKI development and progression, ultimately involving renal epithelium tubular cell-cycle arrest, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the inability to recover and regenerate proximal tubules, and impaired endothelial function. Diagnosis and prognosis using state-of-the-art clinical markers are often late and provide poor outcomes at disease onset. Inappropriate clinical assessment is a strong disease contributor, actively driving progression towards end stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteins, as the main functional and structural unit of the cell, provide the opportunity to monitor the disease on a molecular level. Changes in the proteomic profiles are pivotal for the expression of molecular pathways and disease pathogenesis. Introduction of highly-sensitive and innovative technology enabled the discovery of novel biomarkers for improved risk stratification, better and more cost-effective medical care for the ill patients and advanced personalized medicine.
  • 676
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Textile Dye Biodecolorization by MnP
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) is an oxidoreductase with ligninolytic activity and is a promising biocatalyst for the biodegradation of hazardous environmental contaminants, and especially for dye wastewater decolorization.
  • 674
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy Regulation by Persulfidation
The term “autophagy”, (from the Greek words auto, meaning “self” and phagein, meaning “to eat”)—literally, eating one’s self—was first created by Christian de Duve over 40 years ago, who discovered lysosomes and provided clear proof of their participation in this process. It is an evolutionarily conserved process of degradation and recycling in eukaryotic organisms. The research of H2S as a signaling molecule has been focused on the effect of sulfide donors on different diseases and physiological pathways, until in 2009 when Snyder’s group described persulfidation or S-sulfhydration as the mechanism of H2S signaling. Since then, numerous targets have been identified to undergo persulfidation, and it has become recognized as the main mechanism by which H2S controls several cellular functions. Persulfidation is a posttranslational modification of cysteine residues, where a thiol group (RSH) is transformed into a persulfide group (RSSH)
  • 674
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Heat Shock Protein 90
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that could modulate the pain signaling.
  • 673
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors
 Poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) belong to a class of targeted drugs developed for the treatment of homologous recombination repair (HRR)-defective tumors. Preclinical and limited clinical data suggest that PARP inhibition is effective against prostate cancer (PC) in patients with HRR-deficient tumors and that PARPis can improve the mortality rate of PC in patients with BRCA1/2 mutations through a synthetic lethality. 
  • 673
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Bulk purification of RNA–Protein Complexes
The ribonome interconnects the proteome and the transcriptome. Specific biology is situated at this interface, which can be studied in bulk using omics approaches. In this entry, we focus on both RNA- and ribonucleoprotein-(RNP) centric methods. These methods can be used to study the dynamics of the ribonome in response to a stimulus. The purpose of this entry is to provide and discuss an overview of the currently available RNA- and RNP-centric approaches to study RNPs. 
  • 672
  • 19 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Acetylcholine Receptors
Acetylcholine is a widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter. Within the human body, it is present in both branches of the autonomic nervous system: within the parasympathetic system in pre- and postganglionic cells, and within the sympathetic system in preganglionic cells. It is also a neurotransmitter at the periphery within the neuromuscular junction.
  • 672
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oxi-Inflamm-Aging Related Cardiorenal Syndrome
Kidney failure is also a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk for cardiovascular events independently of classical risk. 
  • 672
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to Treatment of Muscular Dystrophies
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic muscle-wasting disorders that are subdivided based on the region of the body impacted by muscle weakness as well as the functional activity of the underlying genetic mutations. A common feature of the pathophysiology of muscular dystrophies is chronic inflammation associated with the replacement of muscle mass with fibrotic scarring. With the progression of these disorders, many patients suffer cardiomyopathies with fibrosis of the cardiac tissue. Anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids represent the standard of care for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common muscular dystrophy worldwide; however, long-term exposure to glucocorticoids results in highly adverse side effects, limiting their use. Thus, it is important to develop new pharmacotherapeutic approaches to limit inflammation and fibrosis to reduce muscle damage and promote repair.
  • 672
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
JmjC Domain-Containing Proteins
Histone methylation tightly regulates chromatin accessibility, transcription, proliferation, and cell differentiation, and its perturbation contributes to oncogenic reprogramming of cells. In particular, many myeloid malignancies show evidence of epigenetic dysregulation.
  • 671
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Natural Products against DDP-Induced Apoptosis
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II), DDP) is an antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of solid tumors because of its extensive cytotoxic activity. However, the main limiting side effect of DDP use is nephrotoxicity, a rapid deterioration in kidney function due to toxic chemicals. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), a class of epigenetic processes, are molecules that regulate gene expression under physiological and pathological conditions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are the most characterized class of ncRNAs and are engaged in many cellular processes. DDP-induced nephrotoxicity can present in a several ways, but the most common and serious presentation is acute kidney injury (AKI), which occurs in 20–30% of patients.
  • 671
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
There are several risk factors of HCC such as viral hepatitis (B, C), cirrhosis, tobacco and alcohol use, aflatoxin-contaminated food, pesticides, diabetes, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and metabolic and genetic diseases. Diagnosis of HCC is based on different methods such as imaging ultrasonography (US), multiphasic enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and several diagnostic biomarkers.
  • 670
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SnR30/U17 Small Nucleolar Ribonucleoprotein
The small nucleolar RNA snR30 (U17 in humans) plays a unique role during ribosome synthesis. Unlike most members of the H/ACA class of guide RNAs, the small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex assembled on snR30 does not direct pseudouridylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), but instead snR30 is critical for 18S rRNA processing during formation of the small subunit (SSU) of the ribosome. Specifically, snR30 is essential for three pre-rRNA cleavages at the A0/01, A1/1, and A2/2a sites in yeast and humans, respectively. Accordingly, snR30 is the only essential H/ACA guide RNA in yeast. However, the molecular mechanism of snR30 and how it promotes pre-rRNA processing remains under investigation.
  • 669
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mammary Stem Cell
Normal mammary epithelial cells are heterogeneous and organized in hierarchical fashion, in which the mammary stem cells (MaSC) lie at the apex with regenerative capacity as well as plasticity.
  • 669
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Evaluating Enzymatic Productivity
Kinetic productivity analysis is critical to the characterization of enzyme catalytic performance and capacity. Enzymatic productivity is a measure of product formation or substrate disappearance over time, at a prescribed temperature under specified reaction conditions. It is the only measure which reliably summarizes the durability and reaction yield (a measure of the conversion of substrate) of an enzymatic process. Kinetic productivity analysis can be employed to assess the catalytic capacity of genetically and chemically modified variants, whole cells, the effect of immobilization carriers on productivity, difference between isoforms isolated from a range of organisms or tissues, and the effect of reaction solution additives.
  • 669
  • 08 Jul 2022
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