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Topic Review
IRDS Genes: Interfaces and Pathways
Interferon (IFN)-related DNA damage resistant signature (IRDS) genes are a subgroup of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) found upregulated in different cancer types, which promotes resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Galectin-3: Early Stage Pathophysiological Marker
Galectins are composed of a family of widely expressed β-galactoside-binding lectins and can modulate basic cellular functions such as “cell-to-cell” and “cell-to-matrix” interactions, cell growth and differentiation, tissue regeneration and the regulation of immune cell activities [1][2][3]. Galectins have been classified according to their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) number and function. The CRDs recognize β-galactoside residues that form complexes that crosslink glycosylated ligands [4][5][6]. The following three types of galectin members are widely accepted (Figure 1): (1) prototype galectins (galectin-1, -2, -5, -7, -10, -11, -13, -14, and -15), containing a single CRD that form noncovalent homodimers; (2) tandem-repeat galectins (galectin-4, -6, -8, -9, and -12), carrying two CRD motifs connected by a peptide linker and (3) a chimera-type galectin (Gal-3), which is characterized by having a single CRD and an amino-terminal polypeptide tail region [2][5][6]. The members of galectins, numbered consecutively by order of discovery, are ubiquitously present in vertebrates, invertebrates and, also, protists [1].
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Indoor Clean Air: Plants help
Urban civilization has a high impact on the environment and human health. The pollution level of indoor air can be 2–5 times higher than the outdoor air pollution, and sometimes it reaches up to 100 times or more in natural/mechanical ventilated buildings. Even though people spend about 90% of their time indoors, the importance of indoor air quality is less noticed. Cleaning indoor air using plants is an affordable and more environmentally friendly means to purify polluted air. Furthermore, studies show that indoor plants can be used to regulate building temperature, decrease noise levels, and alleviate social stress. Sources of indoor air pollutants and their impact on human health are briefly discussed in our paper. The available literature on phytoremediation, including experimental works for removing volatile organic compound (VOC) and particulate matter from the indoor air and associated challenges and opportunities, are reviewed. The potential role of green walls and potted plants for improving indoor air quality is examined. A list of plant species suitable for indoor air phytoremediation is proposed. Our review paper will help in making informed decisions about integrating plants into the interior building design.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Bcl-2 Family Evolutionary Conservation
Intrinsic apoptosis, the response to intracellular cell death stimuli, is regulated by the interplay of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family and their membrane interactions. Bcl-2 proteins mediate a number of processes including development, homeostasis, autophagy, and innate and adaptive immune responses and their dysregulation underpins a host of diseases including cancer. The Bcl-2 family is characterized by the presence of conserved sequence motifs called Bcl-2 homology (BH) motifs, as well as a transmembrane region, which form the interaction sites and intracellular location mechanism, respectively. Bcl-2 proteins have been recognized in the earliest metazoans including Porifera (sponges), Placozoans, and Cnidarians (e.g., Hydra). A number of viruses have gained Bcl-2 homologs and subvert innate immunity and cellular apoptosis for their replication, but they frequently have very different sequences to their host Bcl-2 analogs. Though most mechanisms of apoptosis initiation converge on activation of caspases that destroy the cell from within, the numerous gene insertions, deletions, and duplications during evolution have led to a divergence in mechanisms of intrinsic apoptosis. Currently, the action of the Bcl-2 family is best understood in vertebrates and nematodes but new insights are emerging from evolutionarily earlier organisms.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Motor Neuron Disease
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases with no effective treatment, which have the shared characteristic of the progressive loss of upper and/or lower motor neurons. Disease onset is insidious, with patients gradually losing control of their voluntary muscles, resulting in relatively late diagnosis. Due to the nature of the disease and the lack of effective treatment, MND patients usually die within 2 to 3 years following diagnosis, primarily because of the loss of respiratory function. The only drug approved in Australia, Riluzole, only prolongs the median life expectancy by 2 to 3 months. New and effective treatments are therefore urgently needed.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Importance of Aflatoxins in Food and Agricultural Products
Contamination of agricultural products and foods by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is becoming a serious global problem, and the presence of AFB1 in edible oil is frequent and has become inevitable, especially in underdeveloped countries and regions. As AFB1 results from a possible degradation of aflatoxins and the interaction of the resulting toxic compound with food components, it could cause chronic disease or severe cancers, increasing morbidity and mortality.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Biography
David Eisner
David Alfred Eisner, FRCP (Hon), FMedSci,[1] (born 3 January 1955)[2][3] is British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiac Physiology at the University of Manchester and editor-in-chief of The Journal of General Physiology (JGP).[4] Eisner was born in 1955 in Manchester, the son of the physicist and writer Herbert Eisner.[3][5][6] After attending Manchester Grammar School, he received his B.A.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Methods to Establish a 3D Cell Culture
The clear potential of three-dimensional (3D) systems to provide new models suitable for studying cell interactions in both basic and more specialized research, revolutionizing cell culture technology, and offering alternative methods for animal experimentation, has prompted the scientific community to develop different efficient methods to establish 3D cell cultures, all of which, in turn, affect 3D model characteristics. These techniques can be divided into two major categories: scaffold-free systems and scaffold-based systems. Scaffold-free systems are based on the self-aggregation capability of some cell types, which can be encouraged using specific cell plates and/or physical parameters that avoid cell attachment. On the other hand, in scaffold-based systems, cells are seeded in natural or synthetic materials, allowing cell proliferation, aggregation, and 3D organization.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Otter Civet
The Otter Civet, scientifically known as Cynogale bennettii, is a unique and elusive mammal belonging to the Viverridae family. Endemic to Southeast Asia, particularly in regions such as Borneo and Sumatra, the Otter Civet is characterized by its sleek, otter-like appearance and semi-aquatic lifestyle. Despite its intriguing features, this species remains relatively understudied, adding to its enigmatic nature and highlighting the importance of continued research and conservation efforts.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Collagen Derived from Fish Industry Waste
Fish collagen garnered significant academic and commercial featuring prospective applications in a variety of health-related industries, including food, medicine, pharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Due to its distinct advantages over mammalian-based collagen, including the reduced zoonosis transmission risk, the absence of cultural-religious limitations, the cost-effectiveness of manufacturing process, and its superior bioavailability, the use of collagen derived from fish wastes (i.e., skin, scales) quickly expanded. Moreover, by-products are low cost and the need to minimize fish industry waste’s environmental impact paved the way for the use of discards in the development of collagen-based products with remarkable added value.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ustilago Maydis
Ustilago maydis is a smut fungus that infects all aerial maize organs, namely, seedling leaves, tassels, and ears.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Trimethylamine N-Oxide
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) may play a key mediator role in the relationship between the diet, gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in people with kidney failure.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
2-Oxocarboxylic Acids
Atmospheric organic aerosols play a major role in climate, demanding a better understanding of their formation mechanisms by contributing multiphase chemical reactions with the participation of water. The sunlight driven aqueous photochemistry of small 2-oxocarboxylic acids is a potential major source of organic aerosol, which prompted the investigations into the mechanisms of glyoxylic acid and pyruvic acid photochemistry reviewed here. While 2-oxocarboxylic acids can be contained or directly created in the particles, the majorities of these abundant and available molecules are in the gas phase and must first undergo the surface uptake process to react in, and on the surface, of aqueous particles.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Antisense Oligonucleotide-Based Therapy of Viral Infections
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology exploits a single-strand short oligonucleotide to either cause target RNA degradation or sterically block the binding of cellular factors or machineries to the target RNA. Chemical modification or bioconjugation of ASOs can enhance both its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performance, and it enables customization for a specific clinical purpose. ASO-based therapies have been used for treatment of genetic disorders, cancer and viral infections. In particular, ASOs can be rapidly developed for newly emerging virus and their reemerging variants. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Permeate flux prediction
In any membrane filtration, the prediction of permeate flux is critical to calculate the membrane surface required, which is an essential parameter for scaling-up, equipment sizing, and cost determination. Permeate flux prediction is an essential parameter in membrane performance evaluation and the projections for scaling-up from laboratory to the pilot plant or the industrial scale. 
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Green Degumming Processes of Silk
Traditional textile degumming processes, including soap, alkali or both, could bring such problems as environmental damage, heavy use of water and energy, and damage to silk fibroin. The residual sericin may influence the molecular weight, structure, morphology and properties of silk fibroin, so that degumming of silk is important and necessary, not only in textile field but also in non-textile applications.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Graphene Oxide (GO) Materials
Graphene-based materials, due to their high sensitivity, inexpensive, fast response and simple operation, are utilized in the fabrication of biosensors based on various sensing methods, such as optical and electrochemical signaling. These materials are successful electrode materials due to their electrochemical characteristics, which can enhance the detection of biomoleculessuch as thrombin, oligonucleotides, ATP, amino corrosives, and dopamine. Biomolecules have an essential duty in all life activities, such as disease development, so the precise identification of biomolecules is necessary for disease diagnosis and therapy.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
TiO2: Next Generation Photocatalysts
TiO2 is the most widely used photocatalyst in many energy and environmental applications. This entry describes the basic structure and properties of TiO2 as a nanomaterials. It also enlists the special properties of TiO2 which make it a best candidate for photocatalysis reaction. It also explains the drawbacks of TiO2 nanomaterials along with the strategies to overcome those. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Medicinally Relevant N-Heterocycles
N-heterocycles, both saturated and unsaturated, are ubiquitous biologically active molecules that are extremely appealing scaffolds in drug discovery programs. Although classical synthetic methods have been developed to access many relevant N-heterocyclic scaffolds, representing well-established and reliable routes, some do not meet the needs of sustainability. In this context, several advances have been made towards the sustainable synthesis of N-heterocycles.
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol Consumption and Male Fertility
Heavy alcohol consumption (defined as more than 3 and 4 drinks in a day, or more than 7 and 14 drinks weekly, for women and men, respectively) is reported to negatively affect human health, promote traffic accidents, and alter social behaviors, with severe repercussions for personal, social, and professional lives. Clinically, alcohol consumption has been correlated with an increased incidence of different types of cancer , cardiovascular  and liver diseases, birth defects, and psychiatric disorders.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Jan 2022
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