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Biography
Moshé Feldenkrais
Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais (Hebrew: משה פנחס פלדנקרייז‎, May 6, 1904 – July 1, 1984) was a Ukraine -Israeli engineer and physicist, known as the founder of the Feldenkrais Method, a system of physical exercise that aims to improve human functioning by increasing self-awareness through movement. Feldenkrais' theory is that "thought, feeling, perception and movement are closel
  • 966
  • 22 Nov 2022
Biography
William Houlder Zachariasen
(Fredrik) William Houlder "Willie" Zachariasen (5 February 1906 – 24 December 1979) was a Norwegian-American physicist, specializing in X-ray crystallography and famous for his work on the structure of glass.[1] Fredrik William Houlder Zachariasen was born in Langesund at Bamble in Telemark, Norway. He entered the University of Oslo in 1923, where he studied in the Mineralogical Institute.
  • 964
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trench Mouth
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 963
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 962
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fusospirochetal Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 961
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Recent Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapy
This entry broadly focuses on recent immunotherapeutic techniques against cancer.
  • 960
  • 10 Jan 2022
Biography
Elias Burstein
Elias "Eli" Burstein (September 30, 1917 – June 17, 2017) was an American experimental condensed matter physicist whose active career in science spanned seven decades.[1] He is known for his pioneering fundamental research in the optical physics of solids; for writing and editing hundreds of articles and other publications; for bringing together scientists from around the world in internationa
  • 959
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Fereydoon Family
Fereydoon Family (born September 18, 1945) is a leading Persian physicist in the field of nanotechnology and solid-state physics. He is currently Samuel Candler Dobbs Professor of Physics and a member of the Emerson Center for Scientific Computation at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. He is an elected fellow of the American Physical Society, and a recipient of the Southeastern Section of th
  • 959
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Ilona Kickbusch
Ilona Kickbusch (born 27 August 1948 in Munich, Germany) is a Germany political scientist best known for her contribution to health promotion and global health.[1][2][3] She is currently adjunct professor at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.[4] Kickbusch grew up first in Munich and then in Chennai, India, where her father worked as a diplomat.[1] In 1981
  • 959
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mycotoxins in Food Commodities in Cameroon
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins that contaminate different crops and foodstuffs under certain circumstances during harvesting, handling, storage, and processing. It is noteworthy that mycotoxins contaminate the main staple foods of Cameroonian communities, which are also often used as complementary foods for infants, young children, and people with compromised immune systems (e.g., HIV/AIDS), thus calling for urgent intervention in primary and secondary prevention.
  • 959
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Ridge
Ridges (regions of increased gene expression) are domains of the genome with a high gene expression; the opposite of ridges are antiridges. The term was first used by Caron et al. in 2001. Characteristics of ridges are: Gene dense, Contain many C and G nucleobases, Genes have short introns, High SINE repeat density, Low LINE repeat density.
  • 958
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sea Ice Microbial Communities
Sea Ice Microbial Communities (SIMCO) refer to groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice at the poles. The ice matrix they inhabit has strong vertical gradients of salinity, light, temperature and nutrients. Sea ice chemistry is most influenced by the salinity of the brine which affects the pH and the concentration of dissolved nutrients and gases. The brine formed during the melting sea ice creates pores and channels in the sea ice in which these microbes can live. As a result of these gradients and dynamic conditions, a higher abundance of microbes are found in the lower layer of the ice, although some are found in the middle and upper layers. Despite this extreme variability in environmental conditions, the taxonomical community composition tends to remain consistent throughout the year, until the ice melts. Much of the knowledge concerning the community diversity of the sea ice is known through genetic analyses and next-generation sequencing. In both the Arctic and Antarctic, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia are the common bacterial classes found. Most sea ice Archaea belong to the phylum Nitrososphaerota while most of the protists belong to one of 3 supergroups: Alveolata, Stramenopile and Rhizaria. The abundance of living cells within and on sea ice ranges from 104-108 cells/mL. These microbial communities play a significant role in the microbial loop as well as in global biogeochemical cycles. Sea ice communities are important because they provide an energy source for higher trophic levels, they contribute to primary production and they provide a net influx of Carbon in the oceans at the poles.
  • 955
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Kidney Disease
Obesity indirectly causes strain on the kidneys by increasing blood pressure, intensifying renal tubular sodium reabsorption, and weakening pressure natriuresis. These events lead to volume expansion by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Physical compression of the kidneys from surplus visceral adipose tissue also impacts kidney health and function. Obesity also can lead to renal vasodilation and glomerular hyperfiltration that initially serve as compensatory mechanisms to maintain a sodium balance in the face of increased tubular reabsorption. These potential mechanisms may make obesity a risk for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • 954
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitors
Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are small molecules that inhibit the activity of a component of the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Due to the role of aberrant Hedgehog signaling in tumor progression and cancer stem cell maintenance across cancer types, inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling pathway can be a useful strategy for restricting tumor growth and for preventing the recurrence of the disease post-surgery, post-radiotherapy, or post-chemotherapy. Thus, Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are an important class of anti-cancer drugs. At least three Hedgehog pathway inhibitors have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cancer treatment. These include Vismodegib and Erismodegib, both inhibitors of Smoothened (SMO), which are being used for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Arsenic Trioxide, an inhibitor of GLI transcription factors, is being used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. In addition, multiple other Hedgehog pathway inhibitors are in different phases of clinical trials.
  • 951
  • 09 Nov 2022
Biography
Gertrude Fanny Neumark
Gertrude Fanny Neumark, also known as Gertrude Neumark Rothschild, (April 29, 1927 – November 11, 2010[1]) was an American physicist, most noted for her work in material science and physics of semiconductors with emphasis on optical and electrical properties of wide bandgap semiconductors and their light emitting devices.[2] She was born in Nuremberg, Germany in 1927. Her family, who were J
  • 951
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Diets and Immunotherapy
Maternal diet has significant effects on development of childhood atopic disease and hypersensitivity development. However, the gestational dysfunctions demanding special diets and mothers' habitual diets is becoming a widespread phenomenon. Adherence to these diets is mandatory in most cases; however, their immunological implications can be manifested in the profile of identified antibodies in the serum of children. Epigenetic modulation appear to be one of the most  promising immunotherapy method. Especially methylation may serve as an anchor upon which gene expression modulates reaction severity, but depending on the gene, both increased and reduced methylation can be a factor in the induction of an allergic process and its severity. 
  • 948
  • 25 Apr 2021
Biography
Thomas J. Biersteker
Thomas J. Biersteker (born May 2, 1950) is an American political scientist and a notable constructivism scholar. He became the first Curt Gasteyger Professor of International Security at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva, Switzerland in 2007, where he is also a member of the Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding.[1] He is an active memb
  • 946
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1St Baronet
Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet, PRS (9 June 1783 – 21 October 1862) was an English physiologist and surgeon who pioneered research into bone and joint disease. Coat of arms of Sir Benjamin Brodie. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2048995 Brodie was born in Winterslow, Wiltshire. He received his early education from his father, the Rev Peter Bellinger Brodie;
  • 946
  • 06 Dec 2022
Biography
Gaylord Harnwell
Gaylord Probasco Harnwell CBE (September 29, 1903 – April 18, 1982), was an American educator and physicist, who was president of the University of Pennsylvania from 1953 to 1970. He also held a great number of positions in a wide variety of national political and educational boards and committees, as well as senior positions in both the Office of the Governor of Pennsylvania and the United St
  • 945
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Trisomy 21 Evaluation
Trisomy 21 (T21), also known as Down syndrome, is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal aberrations, appearing in 1 in 319 to 1 in 1000 live births. The most frequently diagnosed duplication of chromosome 21 as a result of the abnormal nondisjunction of chromosomes occurs in an estimated 95% of cases, and the remaining 5% are associated with translocation and somatic mosaicism. T21 patients struggle with physical and mental disabilities and many others comorbidities, such as heart defects, thyroid disease, leukemia, cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, and others.
  • 945
  • 16 Jan 2023
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