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Topic Review
S-Nitrosylation
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive molecule, generated through metabolism of L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS). Abnormal NO levels in mammalian cells are associated with multiple human diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have uncovered that the NO signaling is compartmentalized, owing to the localization of NOS and the nature of biochemical reactions of NO, including S-nitrosylation. S-nitrosylation is a selective covalent post-translational modification adding a nitrosyl group to the reactive thiol group of a cysteine to form S-nitrosothiol (SNO), which is a key mechanism in transferring NO-mediated signals. While S-nitrosylation occurs only at select cysteine thiols, such a spatial constraint is partially resolved by transnitrosylation, where the nitrosyl moiety is transferred between two interacting proteins to successively transfer the NO signal to a distant location. As NOS is present in various subcellular locales, a stress could trigger concerted S-nitrosylation and transnitrosylation of a large number of proteins involved in divergent signaling cascades. S-nitrosylation is an emerging paradigm of redox signaling by which cells confer protection against oxidative stress.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Microencapsulation of Natural Food Antimicrobials
Encapsulation is defined as the process in which an active substance (core material) is enveloped into another substance (shell/matrix/wall material) to elaborate particles with a specific geometry at the nanometer (nanoencapsulation), micrometer (microencapsulation) or millimeter scale. Some natural food antimicrobials with strong antimicrobial activity and low toxicity have been considered as alternatives for current commercial food preservatives. Nonetheless, these natural food antimicrobials are hardly applied directly to food products due to issues such as food flavor or bioavailability. Recent advances in microencapsulation technology have the potential to provide stable systems for these natural antibacterials, which can then be used directly in food matrices.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Third-Age Foreign languages Learners
Foreign language learning in the third age is one of the popular activities among the elderly. The question remains as to how to teach a foreign language to older adults properly. The first objective of this review was to identify suitable pedagogical approaches, teaching methods, or strategies for teaching foreign languages to third-age learners.
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Heterocyclic Anticancer Compounds
Heterocyclic organic compounds are designated as integral components on a wide array of structures with both pharmacological and biological importance. They constitute a large cohort of structures with immense importance in the life sciences. 
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Mouth Pain in Horses
Mouth pain in horses, specifically that caused by bits, is evaluated as a significant welfare issue. The conscious experiences of pain generated within the body generally, its roles, and its assessment using behaviour, as well as the sensory functionality of the horse’s mouth, are outlined as background to a more detailed evaluation of mouth pain. Bit-induced mouth pain elicited by compression, laceration, inflammation, impeded blood flow, and the stretching of tissues is considered. Observable signs of mouth pain are behaviours that are present in bitted horses and absent or much less prevalent when they are bit-free. It is noted that many equestrians do not recognise that these behaviours indicate mouth pain, so that the magnitude of the problem is often underestimated. 
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Coconut Palm
The price of traditional sources of nutrients used in animal feed rations is increasing steeply in developed countries due to their scarcity, high demand from humans for the same food items, and expensive costs of raw materials. Thus, one of the alternative sources is coconut parts or coconut as a whole fruit. Coconut is known as the ‘tree of abundance’, ‘tree of heaven’, and ‘tree of life’ owing to its numerous uses, becoming a very important tree in tropical areas for its provision of food, employment, and business opportunities to millions of people. Coconut contains a rich profile of macro and micronutrients that vary depending on the parts and how they are used. It is frequently chosen as an alternative source of protein and fiber. Its uses as an antibacterial agent, immunomodulant, and antioxidant further increase its importance. Using coconut oil in ruminant feed helps to minimize methane gas emissions by 18–30%, and to reduce dry matter intake up to 4.2 kg/d. The aquaculture sectors also use coconut palm as an alternative source because it significantly improves the digestion, growth, lipid metabolism, health, and antioxidative responses. However, coconut is not widely used in poultry diets although it has adequate amount of protein and carbohydrate due to anti-nutritional factors such cellulose (13%), galactomannan (61%), and mannan (26%). 
  • 2.1K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathies are defined as cardiac diseases, in which the heart muscle is affected showing functional and structural defects.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Pineapple Leaf Fiber
Evidence-based research had shown that elevated alkali treatment of pineapple leaf fiber(PALF) compromised the mechanical properties of the fiber. In this work, PALF was subjected todifferential alkali concentrations: 1, 3, 6, and 9% wt/wt to study the influence on the mechanicaland crystal properties of the fiber. The crystalline and mechanical properties of untreated and alkali-treatedPALF samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transforms infraredspectroscopy (FTIR), and tensile testing analysis. The XRD results indicated that crystal propertiesof the fibers were modified with 6% wt/wt alkali-treated PALF recording the highest crystallinityand crystallite size of 76% and 24 nm, respectively. The FTIR spectra suggested that all alkali-treatedPALF samples underwent lignin and hemicellulose removal to varying degrees. An increase in thecrystalline properties improved the mechanical properties of the PALF treated with alkali at 6%wt/wt, which has the highest tensile strength (1620 MPa). Although the elevated alkali treatmentresulted in decreased mechanical properties of PALF, crystallinity generally increased. The findingsrevealed that the mechanical properties of PALF not only improve with increasing crystallinity andcrystallite size but are also dependent on the intermediate bond between adjacent cellulose chains.
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Heraldic Visitation
Heraldic visitations were tours of inspection undertaken by Kings of Arms (and more often by junior officers of arms (or Heralds) as deputies) throughout England , Wales and Ireland. Their purpose was to regulate and register the coats of arms of nobility and gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees. They took place from 1530 to 1688, and their records (akin to an upper class census) provide important source material for historians and genealogists.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ionic Liquid Membranes
Heightened levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) have prompted research into techniques for their capture and separation, including membrane separation, chemical looping, and cryogenic distillation. Ionic liquids, due to their negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability, and broad electrochemical stability have expanded their application in gas separations.
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Food Waste Management
Feeding the people sustainably continues to be a challenge in the present times. Enormous amounts of food wastage aggravate this problem. In developing countries, food wastage primarily occurs within the supply chain. Lack of technological infrastructure in these countries causes significant post-harvest loss. While research shows that developments in food supply chains can reduce food wastage, no systematic research has been done so far to show the possible relationship between the use of technology and food loss.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Thapsigargin
Thapsigargin (Tg), a guaianolide-type sesquiterpene lactone, is abundant in the common Mediterranean weed Thapsia garganica (Apiaceae), known as “deadly carrot” due to its high toxicity to sheep and cattle.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications
Ti and Ti alloys have charming comprehensive properties (high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility) that make them the ideal choice in orthopedic and dental applications, especially in the particular fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. However, these alloys present some shortcomings, specifically elastic modulus, wear, corrosion, and biological performance. Beta-titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been studied as low elastic modulus and low toxic or non-toxic elements.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Independent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party (ILP) was a British political party of the left, established in 1893, when the Liberals appeared reluctant to endorse working-class candidates, representing the interests of the majority. A sitting independent MP and prominent union organiser, Keir Hardie, became its first chairman. The party was positioned to the left of Ramsay MacDonald’s Labour Representation Committee, which was founded in 1900 and soon renamed the Labour Party, and to which the ILP was affiliated from 1906 to 1932. In 1947, the organisation's three parliamentary representatives defected to the Labour Party, and the organisation rejoined Labour as Independent Labour Publications in 1975.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Advantages and Prospects for In Vitro PHA Synthesis
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a series of structurally diverse storage polyesters that are accumulated by various bacterial species and stored intracellularly in the form of granules. They primarily act as carbon and energy storage compounds to sustain cell survival during starvation.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of hepatic injury caused by an uncommon drug adverse reaction that can develop to conditions spanning from asymptomatic liver laboratory abnormalities to acute liver failure (ALF) and death. 
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Algae and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
LBSL
Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (commonly referred to as LBSL) is a progressive disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord. Leukoencephalopathy refers to abnormalities in the white matter of the brain, which is tissue containing nerve cell fibers (axons) that transmit nerve impulses.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Wave Energy in the Mediterranean
The installed power of the several deployed WECs in the Mediterranean Sea varies between 3–2500 kW. Ten project cases of deployed WECs in the basin are presented, with their analysis of the essential features. Five different types of WEC have already been tested under real environmental conditions in Italy, Greece, Israel and Gibraltar, with Italy being the Mediterranean country with the most deployed WECs. The main questions of the relevant studies were the ongoing trends, the examination of WECs in combination with other renewable sources, the utilising of WECs for desalination, and the prospects of wave energy in the Mediterranean islands and ports.
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Low-Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (LFPECVD)
The low-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition in cyclohexane atmospheres is an easy-to-implement technology for carbon-based coatings deposition. LFPECVD (like RF PECVD), which has the capacity to be implemented in any scale, is widely used in industry.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Oct 2021
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