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Topic Review
Optical Sensor Networks
Optical sensing that integrates communication and sensing functions is playing a more and more important role in both military and civil applications. Incorporating optical sensing and optical communication, optical sensor networks (OSNs) that undertake the task of high-speed and large-capacity applications and sensing data transmissions have become an important communication infrastructure. However, multiple failures and disasters in OSNs can cause a serious sensing provisioning problem. To ensure uninterrupted sensing data transmission, the survivability has always been an important research emphasis. This paper focuses on the survivable deployment of OSNs against multiple failures and disasters. It first reviews and evaluates the existing survivability technologies developed for or that can be applied in OSNs, such as fiber bus protection, self-healing architecture, 1 + 1 protection, etc. Then, the disaster-resilient survivability requirement of OSNs is elaborated. Moreover, a new concept of k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, which ensures the connectivity between sensing data and users is proposed. Based on k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, the disaster-resilient survivability technologies are developed. The key technologies of implementing k-node (edge) sensing connectivity are also elaborated. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has obtained rapid development. It can be used to improve the survivability of OSNs. This paper also elaborates the potential development direction of survivability technologies of optical sensing in OSNs employing AI.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Spyros Hirdaris - Hydroelasticity of Ships
As a generic definition, hydroelasticity is the branch of science concerned with the interactions of deformable bodies with the water environment in which they operate. Hydroelasticity as the naval counterpart to aeroelasticity recognizes that at fluid structure interaction level significant differences may exist between the hydrodynamic, inertia, and elastic forces experienced by a floating marine structure. In other words, the fluid pressure acting on the structure modifies its dynamic state and, in return, the motion and distortion of the structure disturb the pressure field around it.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
3D-LC
Three-dimensional liquid chromatography (3D-LC) is the consecutive combination of 3 independent LC techniques to decrease the complexity of proteome digest samples. 3D-LC systems can be performed in an online or offline manner. Ideally, each dimension in a 3D-LC system is completely orthogonal to the others.
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Switched-Biasing Techniques for CMOS VCO
A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a key component to generate high-speed clock of mixed-mode circuits and local oscillation signals of the frequency conversion in wired and wireless application systems. In particular, the recent evolution of new high-speed wireless systems in the millimeter-wave frequency band calls for the implementation of the VCO with high oscillation frequency and low close-in phase noise. The effect of the flicker noise on the phase noise of the VCO should be minimized because the flicker noise dramatically increases as the deep-submicron complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process is scaled down, and the flicker corner frequency also increases, up to several MHz, in the up-to-date CMOS process. 
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Shape Memory Materials of Rubbers
Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME).
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chios Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus) for Human Health
Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing scientific interest due to its multiple beneficial actions. Chios mastiha is being exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and its therapeutic properties have been known since Greek antiquity. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that mastiha demonstrates a plethora of favorable effects, mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of its components. The main use of mastiha nowadays, however, is for the production of natural chewing gum, although an approval by the European Medicines Agency for mild dyspeptic disorders and for inflammations of the skin has been given. 
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Wani (Scholar)
Wani (Japanese: 王仁, 和邇吉師, romanized: Wani, Wani Kishi) is a semi-legendary scholar who is said to have been sent to Japan by Baekje of southwestern Korea during the reign of Emperor Ōjin. He used to be associated with the introduction of the Chinese writing system to Japan.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mental Breakdown
A mental breakdown (also known as a nervous breakdown) is an acute mental disorder. Symptoms include severe, stress-induced depression, anxiety, paranoia, and dissociation in a previously functioning individual. A nervous breakdown is often tied to psychological burnout, severe overwork, sleep deprivation, and similar problems. While temporary, a mental breakdown can last for years and a person cannot resume normal activites until the disorder is resolved.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
NAD+ Biology in Kidney and Renal Disease
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form NADH, by regulating redox reactions and allowing the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are crucial for energy metabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). In addition, by being the substrate of non-redox NAD+-consuming enzymes such as sirtuins and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), NAD+ is also involved in several key molecular mechanisms for cellular homeostasis. NAD+ is present in the kidney at concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1 mmol/kg of tissue, which is comparable to concentrations found in liver and muscle.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pt-Based Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have attracted extensive attention because of their high efficiency, environmental friendliness, and lack of noise pollution. However, PEMFCs still face many difficulties in practical application, such as insufficient power density, high cost, and poor durability. The main reason for these difficulties is the slow oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode due to the insufficient stability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. It is very important to develop advanced platinum (Pt)-based catalysts to realize low Pt loads and long-term operation of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) modules to improve the performance of PEMFC. By designing the structure of a Pt-based catalyst, it can be generated on a special surface structure, so as to boost the stability and activity of Pt-based catalysts, such as low-dimensional nanostructures (e.g., two-dimensional nanoplates and one-dimensional nanowires). These structures not only have high conductivity, but can also make sure the nanocrystals are fully in contact with the support and effectively inhibit Ostwald ripening, with excellent stability.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Pityriasis Versicolor
Pityriasis versicolor (PV), also known as tinea versicolor, is a mild, non-contagious chronic, superficial fungal skin infection caused by lipid-dependent yeast-like fungus Malassezia. It manifests as poorly to well-demarcated discoloured or light pink scaly patches, usually affecting the trunk and arms. The disease occurs worldwide but is most prevalent in humid and warm tropical regions. PV tends to be more active in summer seasons. 
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in Labor
Childbirth is a remarkable, life-changing process and is frequently regarded as an excruciating, physically and emotionally demanding experience that women endure. Labor pain management poses a significant challenge for obstetricians and expectant mothers.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Recursively Enumerable Set
In computability theory, traditionally called recursion theory, a set S of natural numbers is called recursively enumerable, computably enumerable, semidecidable, provable or Turing-recognizable if: Or, equivalently, The first condition suggests why the term semidecidable is sometimes used; the second suggests why computably enumerable is used. The abbreviations r.e. and c.e. are often used, even in print, instead of the full phrase. In computational complexity theory, the complexity class containing all recursively enumerable sets is RE. In recursion theory, the lattice of r.e. sets under inclusion is denoted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{E} }[/math].
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
d-Tagatose by l-Arabinose Isomerase
d-tagatose is a low-calorie alternative to sucrose natural monosaccharide that is nearly as sweet. As a ketohexose, d-tagatose has disease-relieving and health-promoting properties. Due to its scarcity in nature, d-tagatose is mainly produced through chemical and biological methods.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Weight of Polyamides
Polyamides (PAs) undergo local environmental degradation, leading to a decline in their mechanical properties over time. PAs can experience various forms of degradation, such as thermal degradation, oxidation, hydrothermal oxidation, UV oxidation, and hydrolysis. In order to better comprehend the degradation process of PAs, it is crucial to understand each of these degradation mechanisms individually.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Transplacental Gene Delivery
Transplacental gene delivery (TPGD) is a technique for delivering nucleic acids to fetal tissues via tail-vein injections in pregnant mice. After transplacental transport, administered nucleic acids enter fetal circulation and are distributed among fetal tissues. In 1995, TPGD was established by Tsukamoto et al., and its mechanisms, and potential applications have been further characterized since. In 2019, Nakamura et al. demonstrated that intravenous injection of plasmid DNA containing genome editing component (CRISPR/Cas9 system) produced indels in fetal myocardial cells. In the future, this unique technique will allow manipulation of fetal cell functions in basic studies of fetal gene therapy.
  • 2.1K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Advanced Machine Learning
This entry provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art investigation of the recent advances in data science in emerging economic applications. The analysis is performed on the novel data science methods in four individual classes of deep learning models, hybrid deep learning models, hybrid machine learning, and ensemble models. Application domains include a broad and diverse range of economics research from the stock market, marketing, and e-commerce to corporate banking and cryptocurrency. Prisma method, a systematic literature review methodology, is used to ensure the quality of the survey. The findings reveal that the trends follow the advancement of hybrid models, which outperform other learning algorithms. It is further expected that the trends will converge toward the evolution of sophisticated hybrid deep learning models.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gallate-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks
Within three decades of fundamental findings in research on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a new family of hybrid materials known as gallate-based MOFs, consisting of metal salt and gallic acid, have been of great interest. Due to the fact that gallic acid is acknowledged to display a range of bioactivities, gallate-based MOFs have been initially expended in biomedical applications. Recently, gallate-based MOFs have been gradually acting as new alternative materials in chemical industrial applications, in which they were first reported for the adsorptive separation of light hydrocarbons. These porous materials have a bright future and can be kept in development for variety of applications in order to be applied in real industrial practices. 
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Genomic Aberrations
Multiple Myeloma is a genetically heterogeneous disease, arising and progressing through the appearance and accumulation of a tangle of genomic aberrations. In the last decade, cheap and wide applicable sequencing technologies allowed significant advantages in its biological knowledge. Here author focus on genomic events that drive plasma cell disorders. 
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus has become a serious and chronic metabolic disorder that results from a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, principally characterized by hyperglycemia, polyuria, and polyphagia.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Apr 2021
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