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Topic Review
Lysosomal Calcium Channels
Ca2+ is pivotal intracellular messenger that coordinates multiple cell functions such as fertilization, growth, differentiation, and viability. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling is regulated by both extracellular Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Apart from working as the cellular recycling center, the lysosome has been increasingly recognized as a significant intracellular Ca2+ store that provides Ca2+ to regulate many cellular processes. The lysosome also talks to other organelles by releasing and taking up Ca2+. In lysosomal Ca2+-dependent processes, autophagy is particularly important, because it has been implicated in many human diseases including cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Activation
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are major contributors to inflammation and autoimmunity, playing a key role in the development of thrombotic disorders. NETs, composed of DNA, histones, and numerous other proteins serve as scaffolds for thrombus formation and promote platelet activation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases
Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids’ potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Indicaxanthin Bioactivity in Health and Disease
Indicaxanthin is a dietary, highly bioavailable phytochemical from cactus pear fruit, with nutraceutical potential. Studies in healthy, transformed cells and whole organisms suggest health-promoting activities, particularly in counteracting inflammation and regulating mechanisms that control cell growth and longevity. In vitro evidence to date does not provide a unified picture of the molecular mechanisms mediating the action of Indicaxanthin; rather different mechanisms have emerged in relation to different stimuli and conditions in both healthy and transformed cells. Many of the activities appear to be geared toward restoring cellular redox homeostasis, correcting dysfunction generated by oxidative stress, and modulating signaling pathways that control vital processes in healthy cells; other activities, apparently independent of cellular redox balance, have also been observed.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Immune Endocannabinoid System
Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). Members of the ECS, an entity that consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and their synthesizing/degrading enzymes, have been associated with both tumor growth and rejection. Immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endocannabinoids, thereby forming an “immune endocannabinoid system”. Although in vitro effects of exogenous cannabinoids on immune cells are well described, the role of the ECS in the TME, and hence in tumor development and immunotherapy, is still elusive.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cofilin Signaling
Three ADF/cofilin family members are expressed in mammals: ADF, cofilin-1, and cofilin-2. The first member ADF (also known as destrin), encoded by the gene DSTN in humans, was initially identified in the chick brain. Cofilin was discovered as an actin-interacting protein in the porcine brain. Later, Ono et al. identified two mammalian variants of cofilin, non-muscle type (also known as cofilin-1 and n-cofilin) and muscle type (also known as cofilin-2 and m-cofilin). In humans, cofilin-1 and cofilin-2 are encoded by the genes CFL1 and CFL2, respectively. Different isoforms of ADF/cofilin have qualitatively similar but quantitatively different effects on actin dynamics. To be noted, both ADF and cofilin show cooperative binding with actin filaments. Interestingly, cofilin-1 comprises almost 90% of the total ADF/cofilin family in CNS. Cofilin can bind to both G-actin and F-actin, exhibiting stronger affinities for the ADP-bound actins than the ATP- or ADP-Pi-bound forms. Cofilin binding to F-actin induces actin subunit rotation, enhances Pi release along the filament, and promotes filament severing in a concentration-dependent manner.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Human Male Fertility
Resveratrol (RSV) (3,4′,5 trihydroxystilbene) is a natural, non-flavonoid polyphenol widely present in the Mediterranean diet and, particularly, in grapes, peanuts, berries, and red wine.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Microsamples
Although the application of microsamples in metabolic phenotyping exists, it is still in its infancy, with whole blood being overwhelmingly the primary biofluid collected through the collection method of dried blood spots. Research into the metabolic phenotyping of microsamples is limited; however, with advances in commercially available microsampling devices, common barriers such as volumetric inaccuracies and the ‘haematocrit effect’ in dried blood spot microsampling can be overcome.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Conditions Determining Male Infertility
The lack of knowledge of the causes of impaired reproductive potential results in an inability to implement specific treatment, which is associated with the lack of positive outcomes (pregnancy). This review will make relevant environmental comparisons. It will allow an understanding of the importance of environmental factors in shaping the body's defense and capabilities in the field of reproductive condition. The results can be used in enhancing diagnosis and deciding on appropriate infertility treatment.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNA Epigenetics
Long noncoding RNAs exceeding a length of 200 nucleotides play an important role in ensuring cell functions and proper organism development by interacting with cellular compounds such as miRNA, mRNA, DNA and proteins. However, there is an additional level of lncRNA regulation, called lncRNA epigenetics, in gene expression control.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bladder Ischemia
The concept of bladder ischemia as a contributing factor to detrusor overactivity and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is evolving. Bladder ischemia as a consequence of pelvic arterial atherosclerosis was first documented in experimental models and later in elderly patients with LUTS. It was shown that early-stage moderate ischemia produces detrusor overactivity, while prolonged severe ischemia provokes changes consistent with detrusor underactivity. Recent studies imply a central role of cellular energy sensors, cellular stress sensors, and stress response molecules in bladder responses to ischemia. The cellular energy sensor adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was shown to play a role in detrusor overactivity and neurodegeneration in bladder ischemia.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases in Muscular Dystrophies
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that regulate the deacetylation of numerous histone and non-histone proteins, thereby affecting a wide range of cellular processes. Deregulation of HDAC expression or activity is often associated with several pathologies, suggesting potential for targeting these enzymes for therapeutic purposes.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Insights into Postoperative Cognitive Impairment Induced by Anesthesia
Cognitive impairment after surgery is a common problem, affects mainly the elderly, and can be divided into postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Both phenomena are accompanied by neuroinflammation; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment after anesthesia are not yet fully understood. Anesthesiological drugs can have a longer-term influence on protein transcription, thus, epigenetics is a possible mechanism that impacts on cognitive function. Epigenetic mechanisms may be responsible for long-lasting effects and may implicate novel therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Causes and Mechanisms of PARP Inhibitor Resistance
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are one of the most successful examples of clinical translation of targeted therapies in medical oncology, and this has been demonstrated by their effective management of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutant cancers, most notably in breast and ovarian cancers. PARP inhibitors target DNA repair pathways that BRCA1/2-mutant tumours are dependent upon. Inhibition of the key components of these pathways leads to DNA damage triggering subsequent critical levels of genomic instability, mitotic catastrophe and cell death. This ultimately results in a synthetic lethal relationship between BRCA1/2 and PARP, which underpins the effectiveness of PARP inhibitors.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Fluorescent Protein-Based Metal Biosensors
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are optical probes that are used to track the functions of genetically encoded target molecules in molecular and cellular biology. FPs have intrinsic photophysical properties generated by the chromophore and its surrounding amino acid sequences. The intensity of the fluorescence emission of FPs can be changed using external factors such as pH or metal ions.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Thioredoxin-Related Transmembrane Proteins
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is site of synthesis and maturation of membrane and secretory proteins in eukaryotic cells. The ER contains more than 20 members of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDI) family. These enzymes regulate formation, isomerization and disassembly of covalent bonds between cysteine residues. As such, PDIs ensure protein folding, which is required to attain functional and transport-competent structure, and protein unfolding, which facilitates dislocation of defective gene products across the ER membrane for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The PDI family includes over a dozen of soluble members and few membrane-bound ones. Among these latter, there are five PDIs grouped in the thioredoxin-related transmembrane (TMX) protein family.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
RAB11-Mediated Trafficking and Human Cancers
RAB11 isoforms function as membrane organizers connecting the transport of cargoes towards the plasma membrane with the assembly of autophagic precursors and the generation of cellular protrusions. These processes dramatically impact normal cell physiology and their alteration significantly affects the survival, progression and metastatization as well as the accumulation of toxic materials of cancer cells. 
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Glaucoma Pathophysiology
Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that represents the major cause of irreversible blindness.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Approaches to Microsample Collections
Although the application of microsamples in metabolic phenotyping exists, it is still in its infancy, with whole blood being overwhelmingly the primary biofluid collected through the collection method of dried blood spots. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Glycosphingolipid Antigens and Human Diseases
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are composed of a mono-, di-, or oligosaccharide and a ceramide and function as constituents of cell membranes. Various molecular species of GSLs have been identified in mammalian cells due to differences in the structures of oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharide structure can vary depending on cell lineage, differentiation stage, and pathology; this property can be used as a cell identification marker. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Apr 2021
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