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Topic Review
Impact of Hesitancy on Cancer Care and COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the optimal management of outpatient appointments, scheduled treatments, and hospitalizations for cancer patients because of hesitancy among patients and health-care providers. Travel restrictions and other factors likely affected medical, surgical, and radiation treatments during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cancer patients were more likely to be affected by severe illness and complications if they contracted COVID-19. A compromised immune system and comorbidities in cancer patients may have contributed to this increased risk. Hesitancy or reluctance to receive appropriate therapy or vaccination advice might have played a major role for cancer patients, resulting in health-care deficits. 
  • 988
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in EMT of Cancer
In the last decades, a kind of small non-coding RNA molecules, called as microRNAs, has been applied as negative regulators in various types of cancer treatment through down-regulation of their targets. More recent studies exert that microRNAs play a critical role in the EMT process of cancer, promoting or inhibiting EMT progression. Interestingly, accumulating evidence suggests that pure compounds from natural plants could modulate deregulated microRNAs to inhibit EMT, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development. This small essay is on the purpose of demonstrating the significance and function of microRNAs in the EMT process as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes according to studies mainly conducted in the last four years, providing evidence of efficient target therapy.
  • 988
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Natural/Designed Toxins for Precise Therapy
Cancer cells frequently overexpress specific surface receptors providing tumor growth and survival which can be used for precise therapy. Targeting cancer cell receptors with protein toxins is an attractive approach widely used in contemporary experimental oncology and preclinical studies.   
  • 987
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Representative Applications of Conjugated Nanomedicine
Chemotherapy is one of the standard methods for the clinical treatment of malignant tumors. Due to the heterogeneity of tumors and the complexity of their pathological mechanisms, a single chemotherapeutic drug is usually unable to eradicate cancer cells. It may also encounter some problems, such as toxic side effects induced by high doses of drugs and obtaining multidrug resistance (MDR) after repeated treatment. These problems then increase the likelihood of cancer metastasis or recurrence. The emergence of the combination of multiple antineoplastic drugs makes up for the deficiency of single drug application. Accordingly, the overall treatment benefit of the multidrug combination is usually higher than that of single drug administration by virtue of different therapeutic mechanisms. More importantly, the drug dose used during synergistic therapy usually decreases and the unfavorable side effects could be weakened under the premise of the same or better therapeutic efficacy. Thereinto, conjugated nanomedicine, as an important type of nanomedicine, can not only possess the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics with great precision but also achieve controlled drug release to avoid adverse effects. Meanwhile, conjugated nanomedicine provides the platform for combining several different therapeutic approaches (chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, thermodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, etc.) with the purpose of achieving synergistic effects during cancer treatment.
  • 987
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of p53 and TAp73 in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial pediatric tumor. Although children with low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, which correspond to approximately half of all newly diagnosed cases, have a good event-free and overall survival, high-risk neuroblastoma can be extremely aggressive and hard-to-treat tumors. In neuroblastoma, p53 and TAp73 act as safeguards against malignant transformation, but they are commonly inhibited by negative regulators, such as MDMs, Itch, and Aurora kinase A.
  • 987
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Alterations in Salivary Gland Tumors
Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) are a diverse collection of malignant tumors with marked differences in biological activity, clinical presentation and microscopic appearance. Although the etiology is varied, secondary radiation, oncogenic viruses as well as chromosomal rearrangements have all been linked to the formation of SGCs. Epigenetic modifications are any heritable changes in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. It is widely accepted that epigenetics plays an important role in SGC development.
  • 987
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Immune Microenvironment in MPM
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and highly aggressive disease that arises from pleural mesothelial cells, characterized by a median survival of approximately 13–15 months after diagnosis. The primary cause of this disease is asbestos exposure and the main issues associated with it are late diagnosis and lack of effective therapies. Asbestos-induced cellular damage is associated with the generation of an inflammatory microenvironment that influences and supports tumor growth, possibly in association with patients’ genetic predisposition and tumor genomic profile. The chronic inflammatory response to asbestos fibers leads to a unique tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) composed of a heterogeneous mixture of stromal, endothelial, and immune cells, and relative composition and interaction among them is suggested to bear prognostic and therapeutic implications. TIME in MPM is known to be constituted by immunosuppressive cells, such as type 2 tumor-associated macrophages and T regulatory lymphocytes, plus the expression of several immunosuppressive factors, such as tumor-associated PD-L1. Several studies in recent years have contributed to achieve a greater understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms in tumor development and pathobiology of TIME, that opens the way to new therapeutic strategies. The study of TIME is fundamental in identifying appropriate prognostic and predictive tissue biomarkers. In the present review, we summarize the current knowledge about the pathological characterization of TIME in MPM.
  • 986
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metabolism-Associated Epigenetic and Immunoepigenetic Re-programming in Liver Cancer
Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic changes have been characterized as hallmarks of liver cancer. Metabolic intermediates serve as crucial substrates for various epigenetic modulations, from post-translational modification of histones to DNA methylation. In turn, epigenetic changes can alter the expression of metabolic genes supporting on the one hand, the increased energetic demand of cancer cells and, on the other hand, influence the activity of tumor-associated immune cell populations. In this review, we will illustrate the most recent findings about metabolic reprogramming in liver cancer. We will focus on the metabolic changes characterizing the tumor microenvironment and on how these alterations impact on epigenetic mechanisms involved in the malignant progression. Furthermore, we will report our current knowledge about the influence of cancer-specific metabolites on epigenetic reprogramming of immune cells. Finally, we will review the current strategies to target metabolic and epigenetic pathways and their therapeutic potential in liver cancer, alone or in combinatorial approaches.
  • 986
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbes Living on the Skin
The human skin represents the largest human organ. It provides an effective barrier between the human organism and the environment. Superficial skin layers are inhabited by different sorts of microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi. This heterogeneous community of microorganisms are in mutualistic symbiosis. They play an essential role in the protection against invading pathogens and in the breakdown of natural products. Additionally, they contribute to a special form of innate and adaptive immunity, which links antimicrobial functions and tissue repair.
  • 986
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Management of Follicular Carcinoma
Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common cancer of the thyroid gland, accounting for up to 20% of all primary malignant tumors in iodine-replete areas. The diagnostic work-up, staging, risk stratification, management, and follow-up strategies in patients who have FTC are modeled after those of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), even though FTC is more aggressive. FTC has a greater propensity for haematogenous metastasis than PTC. Furthermore, FTC is a phenotypically and genotypically heterogeneous disease. The diagnosis and identification of markers of an aggressive FTC depend on the expertise and thoroughness of pathologists during histopathological analysis. 
  • 986
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
TGF-β and ROS in Cancer
Metabolic changes in tumor microenvironment play a critical role in cancer, related to the accumulated alterations in signaling pathways that control cellular metabolism. Cancer metabolic deregulation is related to specific events such as the control of oxidative stress, and in particular the redox imbalance with aberrant oxidant production and/or a deregulation of the efficacy of the antioxidant systems. In cancer cells, different cytokines are involved in the development and/or progression of cancer: among these cytokines, the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is central to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In tumor cells, it has been demonstrated that there is a close correlation between oxidative stress and TGF-β: this crosstalk strongly contributes to tumorigenesis, both in tumor development and in mediating its invasiveness.
  • 985
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCAFs) are the CAFs present in breast cancers with genetic and phenotypic characteristics similar to CAFs. CAFs originate from a diverse range of cells, including endothelial cells, adipocytes, pericytes, and MSCs. Although CAFs were derived from endothelial cells and pericytes, the derivation was not tested in breast cancer models similar to other cancers. BCAFs have also been derived from adipocytes that lead to a desmoplastic microenvironment. BCAFs can originate from MSCs, which contribute to angiogenesis through up-regulation of clusterin leading to tumorigenesis. BCAFs possess the fibrillar collagen receptor, DDR2, which rearranges collagen fibers to develop an invasive and metastatic TME. Additionally, integrin α11 in BCAFs interacts with platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) and promotes invasiveness by activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and producing a matricellular protein, tenascin C.
  • 985
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Chromatin Regulator SPEN/SHARP in Cancer
Enzymes, such as histone methyltransferases and demethylases, histone acetyltransferases and deacetylases, and DNA methyltransferases are known as epigenetic modifiers that are often implicated in tumorigenesis and disease. One of the best-studied chromatin-based mechanism is X chromosome inactivation (XCI), a process that establishes facultative heterochromatin on only one X chromosome in females and establishes the right dosage of gene expression. The specificity factor for this process is the long non-coding RNA Xinactivespecifictranscript (Xist), which is upregulated from one X chromosome in female cells. Subsequently, Xist is bound by the corepressor SHARP/SPEN, recruiting and/or activating histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to the loss of active chromatin marks such as H3K27ac. In addition, polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2 establish wide-spread accumulation of H3K27me3 and H2AK119ub1 chromatin marks. The lack of active marks and establishment of repressive marks set the stage for DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) to stably silence the X chromosome.
  • 985
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
The Popeye Domain Containing Gene Family
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) genes encode a novel class of  3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) effector proteins, which are localized to the plasma membrane. Mutations of POPDC genes have been associated with cardiac and skeletal muscle disease. However POPDC genes also play a role as tumor suppressor by interacting with proteins involved in cell migration, cell signaling and cell cycle control.
  • 984
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) first described as “karzinoide” by Dr. Oberndorfer in 1907, comprise a family of heterogeneous tumors which can range from well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) to poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). NENs emerge from the diffuse endocrine systemand therefore can be found throughout the body, but they most commonly occur in the gastrointestinal tract with a peak incidence around the 5th and 6th decade of life. Based on the latest Survival Epidemiology and End Results data, incidence of NENs is on the rise with almost 7 cases per 100,000 persons in the United States. NENs can be alternatively classified as functional or non-functional based on the release of specific hormones by the tumor cells (e.g., serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, insulin, gastrin, somatostatin, glucagon) and the subsequent development of various secretory syndromes.
  • 984
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Targeting SUMO Pathway in Cancer
SUMOylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification, characterized more than 20 years ago, that regulates protein function at multiple levels. Due to the reversible nature of this post-translational protein modification, the balance between SUMOylation and the removal of SUMO is critical. SUMO pathway regulates the hallmark properties of cancer cells. Moreover, alterations in activity and in levels of SUMO machinery components have been observed in human cancer. Many molecular mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of specific cancers involve SUMO, highlighting the potential relevance of SUMO machinery components as therapeutic targets. Early-phase clinical trials are currently evaluating the safety and efficacy of SUMO pathway inhibition in cancer patients.
  • 984
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
TNBC Histological Subtypes with a Favourable Prognosis
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC), as a group of tumours, have a worse prognosis than stage-matched non-TNBC and lack the benefits of routinely available targeted therapy. However, TNBC is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, which includes some special type carcinomas with a relatively indolent course.
  • 983
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
C-Terminal CPE in Brain Metastasis from Breast Cancer
Brain metastasis occurs in primary cancers, such as breast cancer, and is correlated with mortality. There are limited options available for treatment, but Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin (CPE) and its interaction with Claudin-4, a possible diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer, can provide a molecular pathway basis for the development of treatment options for metastatic brain cancer. 
  • 983
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Neoadjuvant treatment in breast cancer
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) in Breast Cancer (BC) has proved useful for the reduction in tumor burden prior to surgery, allowing for a more extensive breast preservation and the eradication of subjacent micrometastases. However, the impact on prognosis is highly dependent on the establishment of Pathological Complete Response (pCR), in particular for Triple Negative (TN) and Hormonal Receptor negative/Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 positive (HR−/HER2+) subtypes. Several pCR predictors, such as PAM50, Integrative Cluster (IntClust), mutations in PI3KCA, or the Trastuzumab Risk model (TRAR), are useful molecular tools for estimating response to treatment and are prognostic. Major evolution events during BC NAC that feature the Residual Disease (RD) are the loss of HR and HER2, which are prognostic of bad outcome, and stemness and immune depletion-related gene expression aberrations. This dynamic nature of the determinants of response to BC NAC, together with the extensive heterogeneity of BC, raises the need to discern the individual and subtype-specific determinants of resistance. Moreover, refining the current approaches for a comprehensive monitoring of tumor evolution during treatment, RD, and eventual recurrences is essential for identifying new actionable alterations and the integral best management of the disease.breast cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pathological complete response; predictive markers; residual diseasebreast cancer; neoadjuvant chemotherapy; pathological complete response; predictive markers; residual disease
  • 983
  • 08 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Surgical Approaches to Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most commonly occurring soft-tissue malignancy of childhood. Surgery plays an important role in multidisciplinary treatment and its principal aim is a local control of the disease, respecting the integrity of the surrounding structures. There is no unanimous consensus on the best surgical technique, and the operative approach largely depends on the anatomical location and the extension of the mass. To have a complete overview of the different type of treatment, we made a review of the literature from the last twenty years of all the surgical approaches applied for NBs resection, accordingly to the anatomical site.
  • 982
  • 23 Jun 2021
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